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Alright so moving on, once you know what an intent is, the code's going to be fairly, really easy to understand.

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So let's go, swing over to the Google documentation and find out more about intents.

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Alright, so it says here that "An intent is an abstract description of an operation to be performed".

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So the use of the word abstract here can be a bit confusing, because intent isn't an abstract class.

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What they really mean here is that it's not tied to any particular operation.

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So reading on it can be used with a start activity method to launch an activity, which is what we're using

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it for in our app, and intent can also be used to send data to components that are registered to receive broadcasts,

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such as a notification that a text message has been received for example, and also to start a service. But

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it's launching activities that we're interested in here.

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Now the next paragraph is a bit jargony, but basically means that you can use an intent to launch an

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activity, without linking your code directly to the activity that you want to launch.

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So if you wanted to start the devices email app, you just specify email in the intent, without having to

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know which app the user's installed to handle emails on that device.

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So the most significant use of intents is in launching activities, and the documentation refers to them

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as the glue between activities.

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So in other words intents bind activities together. Now as well as the reference documentation,

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Google also provide guides on many aspects of Android.

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Now the reference documentation can be quite formal, but the guides are often written in a friendlier style,

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and there's actually a guides, a guide rather on intents. I'm just going to paste that link in, so you can check that out.

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Now here it's saying that "An intent is a messaging object

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you can use to request an action from another app component",

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and that's probably a more helpful description than an abstract description of an operation to be performed,

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as the previous page had.

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Now this page also mentions using intents to start activities, and mentions that the intent describes

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the activity to start and carries any necessary data.

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So I think this page is more readable.

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So watch out for URL's starting with developer.android.com/guide, as well as the slash

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reference pages, because the guides can be more help.

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We can see here where we've got slash guide in the URL, compared to slash reference there.

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I think the slash guides are a bit more readable in many cases.

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So once you finish this section, and you've seen how the code starts the various activities from our

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buttons, it is worth reading the rest of this page to get an explanation of how Android handles intents.

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Now don't worry about the bits about services and broadcasts just yet.

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It's activities we're interested in at the moment.

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Now we're going to create our own intent shortly,

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but here we don't need to, or have to, because the YouTubeStandalonePlayer class will actually create them for us.

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Now if we want an intent to play a video, we just call the create video intent function, if

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we go back to our code, and we're using that as you can see on line 40, and to play a list of videos

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as a playlist we're calling the create playlist intent.

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Now both of these functions will turn an intent that we can use, to start an activity but to perform

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the operation we want. Both methods need to know which activity's starting the intent,

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and that's why we're providing this here as the activity.

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Now we also have to provide the Google API key 

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and the ID of what we want to play, either a single video or a playlist, depending on which intent's

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being used. And by the by the functions of the YouTubeStandalonePlayer class are documented, and we

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go back to a browser, paste that link in,

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and they're actually documented on the YouTubeStandalonePlayer down here. You can find out more

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about it there from the link on the left, so

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check them out if you want to know more about its functions.

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So that's actually it. The documentation for intents may look a bit scary, but using them is actually pretty simple.

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Now it's just as easy to create our own intents to start different activities in our own app. I'm going to switch

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over back to the code now, and we're going to go back to our MainActivity.

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We're going to add the code for the buttons on the main screen.

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So the first thing we want to do is make the class implement the onClick list of interface, just as we

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did in the previous video for the StandaloneActivity class.

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So to do that we're just going to add a comma here,

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and View.OnClickListener, and

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you can see the imports are added automatically.

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We then add the code to assign the listener to the buttons,

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and I'm going to do that that after the setContinueView.

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So it's going to be btnPlaySingle.setOnClickListener, parentheses this, and btnPlayStandalone,

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or sorry, btnStandalone I should say, dot setOnClickListener, this, and accept the synthetic import

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if Android Studio doesn't add it automatically, but you can see here on line 6 it was added automatically for me.

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Now we've got an error at the moment but that will disappear once we implement the interfaces

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onClick method, so I'm going to go ahead and do that now.

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So we get Android Studio to generate the interface method by using control I.

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Again, before you do that remember to make sure that the cursor is inside the class

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when you do that, otherwise you'll get a weird error and it won't actually work. So I'm going to press enter there, and then we

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need to add the code for that so let's actually change this.

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And what we'll do is we'll try refactoring it this time, so Refactor, Rename. We'll

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call it view again, enter. Get rid of the question mark, we'll get rid of the TODO. The code's going to be val intent equals

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when, parentheses view.id, so R.id.btnPlaySingle, error token, capital I for intent,

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making sure that Android content is the one that was selected there.

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This is the first argument, comma Youtube,

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this time it's Youtube with a lower case t, Activity colon colon class.java

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right parentheses. We'll do the same for the Standalone, so R.id.btnStandalone error token, intent

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again, parentheses, this again comma, this time it's going to be StandaloneActivity

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colon colon class.java closing parentheses, then an else error token throw IllegalArgument

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Exception, parentheses double quotes "Undefined button clicked". Then outside of the code block for our when, startActivity intent.

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So this code's very similar to the code we just created in the StandaloneActivity class.

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The difference here is that we're creating our own intents.

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Now the intent class has got several constructors, but whenever you want to use an intent to launch a new

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activity in your own app, then this is the one you'll often use.

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Now we have to provide it with a context, so you can see we use this to pass the current context.

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Now the btnPlaySingle button will launch the YouTubeActivity, and  btnStandalone starts our Standalone

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Activity, and these are passed as the second parameter to the intent class constructor.

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Now YouTubeActivity colon colon class as you can see being used here on line 21,

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that's called a class literal, and it's a way to pass a reference to a class as a parameter.

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Now you wouldn't pass string or integer as a parameter.

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You'd use an actual string such as, you know, tim in double quotes, or an actual number like 100,

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and this is the same thing.

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We need to pass an object of type class, whose value is the YouTubeActivity class, and that's how you do it in Kotlin.

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Now don't worry too much about it, just remember that when you want to pass a class to a function, you

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have to create a class literal by adding the colon colon class at the end,

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and because these are Java classes we're also adding dot Java.

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Now the other thing I've done is check that this method wasn't called by some other button. Now it shouldn't

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be, because we've only got two buttons in the screen, and

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we're actually handling both of them in the when statement.

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So we've got a case for each button in other words, but it's good practice to make sure in case we add

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a new button, and forget to update this function.

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So that's why I've added the else branch on line 23.

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Alright so that's it, that's our code finished.

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Now there's one more thing that the new activity wizard does,

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and we've got to do that manually for the StandaloneActivity class.

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Now I mentioned it briefly when we used the wizard to create the YouTubeActivity class, and it's to do

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with the manifest file.

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So let's have a look at that, and see what that's all about.

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We're going to open our manifest file up here. Now inside the application tag as you can see here on line 7, there's

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tags for each of our activities, and in this case you can see we've got dot MainActivity and dot YoutubeActivity.

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Now we're actually missing a tag for the new StandaloneActivity, and

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I'm going to add that in a minute.

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Now when we created the YoutubeActivity using the wizard, and checked the launcher activity box, the

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wizard added an intent-filter tag with an action filter and a category filter.

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So we've got this intent-filter that's got an action, and also a category tag as you can see. Now without

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these, we couldn't launch the activity as we've been doing,

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so we would've been unable to see YoutubeActivity working. So checking that launcher activity

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box resulted in these extra tags being added to the manifest for YoutubeActivity.

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And once again these wizards don't do anything that we couldn't do ourselves, they just save us a bit of

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time and typing.

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So now that we've got a way to launch the YoutubeActivity using a button, we actually don't need these

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intent-filters anymore, but we do need an activity tag for each activity,

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otherwise they can't be seen by the Android system and can't be launched at all.

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Now the tag must include a name attribute but everything else is optional, and I'm going to also specify a label

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and that will appear in the activity's title.

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So I'm going to modify the YoutubeActivity element first, and add another one then for the new StandaloneActivity.

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So basically again all we need here is activity,

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and we've got android name YoutubeActivity, and I'm going to also add the label.

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And what I'll do for clarity is put that on the next line,

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so Android colon label, and we'll call that Youtube Player. So, and we'll come back to there, then I'm going to delete this

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intent-filter as I mentioned, and we've got the closing activity tag now, and we're going to copy that,

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and we're going to create another one now for our StandaloneActivity.

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It has to be inside the application before the application closing tag, so

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this time instead of YouTubeActivity, we're going to call this one StandaloneActivity, and you can

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see that Android Studio is correctly referring to our StandaloneActivity class, and press enter there.

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OK, get rid of that trailing activity there, and

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this time it's going to be called StandaloneActivity.

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That's going to be what's on our label.

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Alright, so at this point now the apps finished, and we can actually run it on a device to make sure it all works.

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So I've got my emulator going, and I've got it set to portrait mode as you can see there. Now,

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we've been running the YoutubeActivity until now,

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and Android Studio reconfigures the play button on the toolbar, so that it runs the last activity that

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you selected, you can see up here it's YoutubeActivity. Now

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if I just click the run button, I actually get this error pop up on the bottom of the screen. 

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So I'll do that and show you, see down the bottom there, the error,

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"Error running YoutubeActivity:

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The activity must be exported or contain an intent-filter". Essentially it's now complaining about

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the fact that the YoutubeActivity entry in the manifest file must have that intent-filter,

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and of course we've just taken that out of there. But that's fine though because we don't want to run Youtube

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Activity directly anymore.

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We're going to be using the buttons that we've added now.

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Now what we're going to do is make sure that we're in an MainActivity. Now

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sometimes when you right click in there, it doesn't give you the option to run MainActivity from the menu.

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You can see in this case I have got it to work but sometimes it doesn't work. If that doesn't work and you can't

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see it, come over here to MainActivity and right click it on the actual class name and select run MainActivity.

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And if that doesn't work you may need to come up to build, and actually rebuild the project.

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One of those methods, well you may have to rebuild and then either of those other two methods should actually work.

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So I'm just going to right click now and select run MainActivity, and I'm going to run it on my emulator.

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Alright, so you can see now that's our main screen with the two buttons, so that's working.

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I'm going to tap the PLAY A SINGLE VIDEO button now, and we get our YoutubeActivity launched,

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that's the one that we've been testing before.

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So when you want to start a new activity in your apps, this is one way to do it.

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So that's playing fine. We're getting our Toast messages as you can see, so 

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that's all working good. I'm going to go back to the menu with the back button,

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and this time we're going to go and tap the standalone sub-menu button. That launches our Standalone Activity,

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and here's our sub-menu as you can see. Now the title says Standalone Activity, because that's the text we

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put in the label in the manifest.

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So let's check the single video first. I'm going to tap that button. You can see that our video

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got launched again. Now it doesn't start playing automatically,

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so you do have to tap the Play icon.

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You can you can see that it's running in landscape at the moment, on it's side,

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and that's because the Standalone Player's running at full screen.

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So I'm going to rotate the device, play it again.

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So the Google Standalone Player doesn't allow itself to be destroyed when the orientation changes,

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but it also doesn't handle the change itself.

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It makes sense in this case because a full screen video really has to run in landscape,

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otherwise it wouldn't be full screen.

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Now notice that when I'm pressing pause here,

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we're not actually getting any Toast notifications. With the Standalone Player there's no capability

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in the code for us to get those callbacks.

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It's only when we use the YouTubePlayer widget in the YoutubeActivity that enables you to do that.

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So that's also working now. So I'm going to go back to the menu.

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Let's have a look at the Playlist.

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Now notice these arrows, you can't quite see, you'll have to play it a little bit so we can actually see it,

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and we've actually got an ad appearing. So let's just wait for that to finish,

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and I'll just pause this when I can.

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OK, so notice this arrow here. This moves through the Playlist, onto the next video.

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Now once again the video doesn't start playing, or didn't start playing automatically, so you can tap on Play as

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you saw me do to get it to play. And if I click on next now, this arrow here, it

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actually goes to the next video in the Playlist sequence. We'll wait for the ad to finish,

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and that's a completely different video to what we saw previously, so I'm just going to pause that, and I

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can then go back to the previous video if I wanted to. Now what I wanted to show you,

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just wait til we go a little bit further here. Now you can see there it's fairly dull,

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but when we get to the start, to the first video of the Playlist, I can't click that anymore. So I'm actually

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clicking that but nothing's happening,

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as you'd expect because we're on the first video. And I can go forward multiple times, forward again,

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and notice it's helpfully telling us at the top there, once this ad finishes,

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which is becoming quite annoying, which video we're on, we're on three of seven. Now

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eventually by doing that I could get to the last video,

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then we wouldn't be able to go forward any further, then I could go back to the previous videos.

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So that functionality, in terms of playing the videos in the Playlists and skipping back and forward,

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that's actually part and parcel of the YouTube Standalone Player. So that's all working fine.

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And our YouTube app's finished. Now in this section we've actually covered quite a lot.

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So we saw how to include a third party library in our own apps, when we added the YouTube API jar file

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to the libs folder, and we created a reference to it in the build.gradle file.

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Now we also checked out the documentation for the API, and the Internet is an excellent resource,

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whenever you need any information on how something works or how to use various classes and functions.

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And it's not just for third party libraries either.

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The Google documentation on Android itself is also a very useful source of information, and they often

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supply guides as well as the reference documentation,

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so get in the habit of searching for documentation on the classes you use.

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We then implemented a couple of interfaces to allow the YouTubePlayer, the YouTubePlayer to call functions

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in our code, when something interesting happened during playback.

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We did that again as an alternative way of setting a listener on the buttons in our app.

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Now the app also used intents to start other activities,

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so now we can create more complex apps.

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that've got more than one screen.

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Now there are other ways to do that, and we're going to be looking at something called a fragment a bit

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later, but starting activities using intents is a crucial part of Android programming.

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So that's just about the end of this section,

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but I'm going to finish it off now with a challenge.

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So the challenge is to use the documentation on the YouTube Standalone Player to change the app, so that

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the video starts, or the videos start playing automatically after you've tapped the buttons on the Standalone menu.

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Now at the moment the videos are queued, and the player has to tap the Play icon to get them to play,

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as you saw me do in this video, so you want them to start playing automatically when the button's tapped.

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So do that for both the Video and the Playlist,

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and in the next video, I'll actually go through my solution.

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So I'll see you in the next video.