0
1
00:00:00,880 --> 00:00:09,340
...
1

2
00:00:09,430 --> 00:00:10,930
...
2

3
00:00:11,910 --> 00:00:14,390
...
3

4
00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:24,510
IPV4 addresses are shown in dotted decimal format. as you can see the picture we have for portions of
4

5
00:00:26,250 --> 00:00:34,440
the IP address and portions are separated from them with a dot.
5

6
00:00:34,530 --> 00:00:41,160
That's why we use dotted decimal format for the IP addresses.
6

7
00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:46,910
And but behind the scenes IP addresses are 32 bit addresses
7

8
00:00:49,850 --> 00:00:51,420
we're going to make a practical training
8

9
00:00:51,460 --> 00:00:57,100
After this video on the board about these calculations.
9

10
00:00:57,310 --> 00:01:03,740
And I'm going to show you how we calculate these numbers.Step-By-Step on the board.
10

11
00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:07,560
Let's take a look to binary to decimal conversion.
11

12
00:01:07,570 --> 00:01:11,520
We have two examples and we have two numbers and here is an example and I'm going to use this for example
12

13
00:01:11,770 --> 00:01:14,300
two.
13

14
00:01:14,380 --> 00:01:16,040
I'm going to use this.
14

15
00:01:16,090 --> 00:01:21,660
These are binary values of the numbers ,In the binary values
15

16
00:01:21,710 --> 00:01:32,520
I can use just 0 or 1, but the decimal values I can use the numbers from 0 to nine. as you know OK let's
16

17
00:01:33,720 --> 00:01:41,530
take a look to the our examples for the first example.
17

18
00:01:41,530 --> 00:01:52,370
I'm writing this number as you can see and I'm writing the example to also one of those 0 1 1 111 10
18

19
00:01:52,700 --> 00:02:04,120
and let's make our conversion if I want to convert this binary value to decimal what
19

20
00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:14,050
I'm doing is i am writing 
20

21
00:02:14,080 --> 00:02:17,110
The two the zero , two the power one, two the power two  Three four five six and seven
21

22
00:02:19,850 --> 00:02:38,470
and I'm calculating these numbers two to the power seven 128,  6 64, 5 32 ,16 8 4 2 and 1 the last step
22

23
00:02:38,470 --> 00:02:40,320
i am multiplying the numbers
23

24
00:02:43,230 --> 00:02:45,490
and adding them together.
24

25
00:02:46,420 --> 00:02:57,290
For example 1 is multiplied with 128, twenty eight is sixty four with one, 32 with
25

26
00:02:57,290 --> 00:03:00,360
zero and I'm adding these numbers together.
26

27
00:03:00,830 --> 00:03:09,500
And here is the decimal value of the 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0.
27

28
00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:11,770
This is two hundred and eighteen
28

29
00:03:15,110 --> 00:03:24,210
and if I want to convert from decimal to binary, what I'm going to do ? here we have a reverse logic, for example
29

30
00:03:24,620 --> 00:03:35,710
if I were to convert 225 to decimal, I'm dividing the numbers 
30

31
00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:43,360
serially to the two, 225 divided by two. 
31

32
00:03:43,540 --> 00:03:55,470
And as you know that quotient is 112  and remainder is 1, and i am doing these steps.. 
32

33
00:03:57,100 --> 00:04:07,560
And I am writing the binary number from bottom to up as you can see that 11100001
33

34
00:04:07,620 --> 00:04:09,030
...
34

35
00:04:09,540 --> 00:04:20,880
And let's take a look to the eight I'm dividing seriously two to eight divided by two is four.
35

36
00:04:21,030 --> 00:04:22,790
And remainder is zero
36

37
00:04:25,920 --> 00:04:32,630
then four divided by two, result is two and remainder is zero again, 
37

38
00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:35,470
two divided by two 
38

39
00:04:37,110 --> 00:04:41,570
quotient is one and remainder is 0 again
39

40
00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:49,750
and one divided to two,  quotation is zero 
40

41
00:04:49,780 --> 00:05:07,720
and remainder is 1 this time. and I'm writing from bottom to up again and it's 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.
41

42
00:05:07,730 --> 00:05:08,080
All right.
42

43
00:05:08,090 --> 00:05:10,850
Let's take a look to the subnet mask.
43

44
00:05:10,880 --> 00:05:15,670
Now subnetting is used to divide the network 
44

45
00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,540
and subnet mask is a bit mask that can be used
45

46
00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:24,750
to separate the bits of networks identifier from the bits of the host identifier.
46

47
00:05:28,020 --> 00:05:33,130
We should use serial ones to represent the subnet mask 
47

48
00:05:33,250 --> 00:05:37,390
and we have some exect values that we can use to represent subnet mask
48

49
00:05:37,450 --> 00:05:38,470
I'm going to show you that.
49

50
00:05:38,720 --> 00:05:49,900
But we can represent a subnet value as in slash X format or in a format like this.
50

51
00:05:49,910 --> 00:05:53,460
Like an IP address I'm going to show you now.
51

52
00:05:53,470 --> 00:05:56,680
Here are the valid subnet mask values.
52

53
00:05:56,770 --> 00:05:59,260
As I told you in a previous slide we should use
53

54
00:05:59,270 --> 00:06:00,070
..
54

55
00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:03,830
00.
55

56
00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:06,440
I'm sorry 1111 111 11 1 111
56

57
00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:11,920
1 1 1 1 ......
57

58
00:06:12,460 --> 00:06:21,660
And as you can see that I cant use a separate one between zeros when I'm writing a subnet mask
58

59
00:06:22,660 --> 00:06:25,780
all these can be zero, 
59

60
00:06:26,880 --> 00:06:31,640
all that can be one but that shouldn't be a valid
60

61
00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:33,540
subnet mask OK.
61

62
00:06:34,050 --> 00:06:36,880
I cannot separate these guys from each other.
62

63
00:06:37,800 --> 00:06:44,660
Ones are their best friends and they never lived together.
63

64
00:06:44,790 --> 00:06:50,580
If you convert this binary values to decimal values
64

65
00:06:50,570 --> 00:06:51,010
...
65

66
00:06:51,040 --> 00:07:01,010
you can get these numbers easily and if you convert this one this is going to be 255 for example.
66

67
00:07:01,010 --> 00:07:01,880
You can give it a try.
67

68
00:07:06,180 --> 00:07:15,470
and lets take a look to network ID. network ID is calculated with logic "and" process of the IP address
68

69
00:07:15,770 --> 00:07:18,310
subnet mask.
69

70
00:07:18,310 --> 00:07:20,900
Let's take a look at what and process is.
70

71
00:07:21,100 --> 00:07:30,860
But please keep in mind that in our previous section we have talked about that if the devices are in
71

72
00:07:30,860 --> 00:07:33,500
the same network or not
72

73
00:07:36,510 --> 00:07:44,690
if devices are in the same network they should have same network IDs.
73

74
00:07:44,780 --> 00:07:45,500
If NIDs are same.
74

75
00:07:45,500 --> 00:07:55,420
I never send packet to the default gateway and I can connect over a  switch.
75

76
00:07:55,600 --> 00:08:03,840
For example this is PC one and this is PC2 and this is PC three
76

77
00:08:06,950 --> 00:08:14,210
let's say that we have an IP address of two and this is
77

78
00:08:18,420 --> 00:08:21,070
and let's say that this is
78

79
00:08:26,790 --> 00:08:34,430
Let's say that we have all the same Subnet Mask
79

80
00:08:39,040 --> 00:08:45,990
255 255 255 0
80

81
00:08:46,130 --> 00:08:58,540
If I want to calculate the network ID I need logic and of IP address and subnet mask
81

82
00:08:58,570 --> 00:08:59,720
So what that mean.
82

83
00:09:01,160 --> 00:09:04,400
I'm going to show you with a practical training.
83

84
00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:07,220
This on the board.
84

85
00:09:07,330 --> 00:09:12,200
So after the session you're going to check what I mean in here.
85

86
00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:20,220
But please keep in mind that first host address is calculated by adding one to the network.
86

87
00:09:20,440 --> 00:09:28,010
And here is how we calculate the "and" process .If two bits that I'm using with "and" are zero
87

88
00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:38,150
Or even if I have a zero for the "and" process the end result will always be the zero.
88

89
00:09:38,160 --> 00:09:46,460
Please keep in mind that the and is one when both bits are 1
89

90
00:09:49,550 --> 00:09:50,280
OK.
90

91
00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:52,220
It's 0 on the.
91

92
00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:53,030
Any other way.
92

93
00:09:53,030 --> 00:09:57,620
But if it's 1 1 my result is only 1
93

94
00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:10,150
and here is how I can make a dynamic IP configuration for host.i am opening my Internet Protocol
94

95
00:10:10,160 --> 00:10:19,830
version 4 properties on my PC and I'm choosing obtain an  IP address and DNS server automatically
95

96
00:10:19,830 --> 00:10:30,120
so I can get a dynamic IP configuration from a DHCP server.And here is how I can make a static IP configuration for host,
96

97
00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:35,880
in this time I'm choosing to use the following
97

98
00:10:36,270 --> 00:10:40,630
IP address method and I'm writing my values manually instead.
98

99
00:10:45,210 --> 00:10:48,270
And here are the IPv4 host communication types.
99

100
00:10:48,300 --> 00:10:56,200
We have unicast multicast and broadcast which we have talked about in our previous sections .if i want unicast 
100

101
00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:59,450
i am sending packet directly to B
101

102
00:11:00,210 --> 00:11:11,350
if a want multicast i am sending my packets to b or c but not to d , if I want to send the broadcasts 
102

103
00:11:11,560 --> 00:11:14,980
I'm sending my packet to all of them.
103

104
00:11:18,480 --> 00:11:25,600
So how I can make the IP v4 unicast communication? Let's see that: if computer a wants to communicate
104

105
00:11:25,610 --> 00:11:36,910
with computer c, he is choosing the source ip as his own address, and destination
105

106
00:11:36,910 --> 00:11:44,220
IP and packet is going only to computer C , not to computer B
106

107
00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:44,630
...
107

108
00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:56,470
if i want to send a multicast to the network that I'm in reserve multicast communication
108

109
00:11:57,230 --> 00:11:58,550
IP addresses are :
109

110
00:11:58,610 --> 00:12:00,950
224.0.0.0  and
110

111
00:12:00,950 --> 00:12:02,690
224.0.0.255
111

112
00:12:02,950 --> 00:12:09,380
I need to send a packet to these IP addresses if I want to send the multicast to my network.
112

113
00:12:13,430 --> 00:12:22,230
And here is the private IP addresses and IP classes. these IP addresses private IP addresses are used for
113

114
00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:26,560
local area network communication and they're not globally routable.
114

115
00:12:26,610 --> 00:12:33,290
That means I cannot use this IP address range on the Internet because they're not globally routable
115

116
00:12:35,830 --> 00:12:40,860
And we have a class a class B and class C IP addresses.
116

117
00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:44,490
but classfull adresses are legacy anymore.
117

118
00:12:45,820 --> 00:12:52,600
And if I...For example if I'm using Class A I can use these IP addresses.
118

119
00:12:52,630 --> 00:13:00,050
I just can use the subnet mask, if I'm using Class C I can use this range with the subnet mask but
119

120
00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:03,830
this is legacy and any more we are using classes adressing for example I'm using these private IP address
120

121
00:13:03,850 --> 00:13:11,020
adressing for example I'm using these private IP address range but I can use these subnet mask too without
121

122
00:13:11,040 --> 00:13:11,830
any problem.
122

123
00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:19,880
So let's take a look at the variable length subnet mask.subnetting a network to make for the most
123

124
00:13:19,970 --> 00:13:24,980
efficient use of all of all of the bits means VLSM.
124

125
00:13:25,460 --> 00:13:35,410
And that's the classless adressing that i I talked about for example you are using a range in this class 
125

126
00:13:35,410 --> 00:13:43,050
c range, but you're using an another subnet mask that's not in the table of the previous slide.
126

127
00:13:46,960 --> 00:13:50,460
So let's take a look to the IPV 4 broadcast communication
127

128
00:13:53,560 --> 00:14:03,280
these PCs have these IP addresses 1.10, 1.20, 1.30 and here is the default
128

129
00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:11,080
gateway for them and network IDs for these PCs is
129

130
00:14:14,610 --> 00:14:15,680
192.168.1.0,
130

131
00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:19,250
as I told you that I'm going to show you that on the board
131

132
00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:27,020
how i calculate the network IDs detailed and the broadcast address is
132

133
00:14:31,150 --> 00:14:31,800
for this network 
133

134
00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:35,030
is this one. I'm going to show you that again.
134

135
00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:37,330
how we calculate this on the board.
135

136
00:14:37,570 --> 00:14:44,910
And because of that the packets destined to this IP address are sent to all hosts as communicate.
136

137
00:14:44,950 --> 00:14:55,100
For example if pc-1 needs to send the broadcast of my network using that source IP as 1.10
137

138
00:14:55,220 --> 00:14:58,090
and destination as the 1.255
138

139
00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:05,810
and let's take a look at the regional internet registries.
139

140
00:15:06,050 --> 00:15:12,260
These guys manage the allocation and the registration of IP addresses within a particular region of
140

141
00:15:12,320 --> 00:15:12,710
network.
141

142
00:15:12,710 --> 00:15:26,450
For example we have APNIC we have AFRINIC in Africa we have ARIN we have LACNIC and we have RIPE
142

143
00:15:26,870 --> 00:15:28,990
...
143

144
00:15:33,620 --> 00:15:38,750
And it is time to talk about the IP version 6. as we talked about in our previous sections
144

145
00:15:38,750 --> 00:15:46,450
IPv4 addresses are about to finish and need will increase for IP addresses by IOT as you know and
145

146
00:15:46,460 --> 00:15:52,620
IPV6 provides us much more address space.
146

147
00:15:52,630 --> 00:15:54,490
As you remember that it was like 
147

148
00:15:57,230 --> 00:16:02,300
340 andecilion and we don't need NAT anymore
148

149
00:16:05,230 --> 00:16:09,310
IP addresses, IP version 6 addresses are shown in the hexadecimal format.
149

150
00:16:09,730 --> 00:16:11,350
But it's too....
150

151
00:16:11,410 --> 00:16:16,360
I'm sorry It's one hundred and twenty eight  bit addresses behind the scenes
151

152
00:16:19,630 --> 00:16:31,390
in hexadecimal format you can use 0... 9 after a b c d e f
152

153
00:16:37,170 --> 00:16:40,700
and we can also simplify the IP version 6 notation 
153

154
00:16:40,940 --> 00:16:44,250
We have two rules about this.
154

155
00:16:44,280 --> 00:16:47,050
First one is the zero suppression rule : 
155

156
00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:59,060
strip off all leading zeros.If we have a leading zero in my Ip version 6 adress I can strip off this.
156

157
00:16:59,060 --> 00:16:59,650
example.
157

158
00:17:00,830 --> 00:17:10,140
in here as you can see I have a leading zero , here I have leading zeros so I'm stripping off them
158

159
00:17:10,160 --> 00:17:19,670
and I can write this 0db8 and I can write just db8 instead of 0db8
159

160
00:17:19,670 --> 00:17:20,500
The first rule that I can use
160

161
00:17:20,630 --> 00:17:24,720
and the second thing is the zero compression rule.
161

162
00:17:27,710 --> 00:17:34,450
And replaced the contiguous groups of 0 with a column column. 
162

163
00:17:34,630 --> 00:17:38,650
please keep in mind that I can make it just one time
163

164
00:17:42,350 --> 00:17:49,850
As you can see that we have a continuous groups of 0 and I'm writing just the column column instead
164

165
00:17:49,850 --> 00:17:50,990
of this one
165

166
00:17:55,720 --> 00:18:02,780
Let's take a look to IPv6 prefix-length, which is used to identify how many bits
166

167
00:18:02,780 --> 00:18:14,710
of IP version 6 address are there in network part.And as you can see that we have these number 64 which is 
167

168
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:22,840
represented to you to identify that the first 64 bits are in network part.IPv6 doesn't use
168

169
00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:25,470
dotted decimal subnet mask notation
169

170
00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:37,780
we can just use the slash X notation instead of the other one and in IP version 6 we have unicast communication 
170

171
00:18:37,780 --> 00:18:46,070
,again multicast connection again.But we don't have broadcast communication 
171

172
00:18:46,090 --> 00:18:48,230
in version 6
172

173
00:18:48,460 --> 00:18:55,900
but we have anycast communication instead of the broadcast which means one to any as you can see that in the picture.
173

174
00:18:59,570 --> 00:19:05,190
IP version 6 unicast is the same with the IPv4 unicast.
174

175
00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,280
If computer A wants to send a unicast msg to C
175

176
00:19:11,420 --> 00:19:19,500
that's using Source IP as it's own IP address and destination IP as the computer C2s IP version 6 address
176

177
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:27,000
and we have some unicast address types of the IP version 6.
177

178
00:19:27,190 --> 00:19:34,900
They are global unicast link local loopback unspecified address unique local and embedded IP v4.
178

179
00:19:36,620 --> 00:19:38,770
Let's take a look to the IP of ipv6 global unicast 
179

180
00:19:38,790 --> 00:19:46,280
first ipv6 global unicast address is globally
180

181
00:19:46,390 --> 00:19:55,010
That's a similar logic to the IPV4 for public address.And this address is routable on the Internet too
181

182
00:19:55,240 --> 00:20:00,470
and here is the address range of the IPV6 global unicast.
182

183
00:20:00,680 --> 00:20:04,170
And here's how we can configure this.
183

184
00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:11,700
Please keep in mind that if you're making IP version 6 configuration, first thing you should do is using
184

185
00:20:11,910 --> 00:20:23,040
IP version 6 unicast routing command and make your device ready to make IP version 6 routing then
185

186
00:20:23,140 --> 00:20:28,930
you open the interface that you want to go in with interface command interface fe 0 0 then you type
186

187
00:20:28,930 --> 00:20:39,950
the IP address.If you would configure IPv4 for you type IP address blah and
187

188
00:20:40,690 --> 00:20:43,560
blah blah blah and blah blah blah.
188

189
00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:47,370
This is the IP address that you use and this is the subnet mask.
189

190
00:20:47,480 --> 00:20:55,650
But if you're configuring ipv 6 you're typing IPV 6 address instead of IP address.
190

191
00:20:55,670 --> 00:20:56,420
That's it.
191

192
00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:09,360
The rest is the same IP address and the subnet mask.
192

193
00:21:09,540 --> 00:21:15,240
We can make the IP version 6 host globally unicast configuration dynamically in two ways.
193

194
00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:20,550
The first way is stateless address auto configuration.
194

195
00:21:20,610 --> 00:21:27,720
The second method is dhcp version 6 in the stateless address auto configuration router can send the IP
195

196
00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:29,020
IP address.
196

197
00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:35,560
prefix length and default gw information to the clients , in dhcpv6
197

198
00:21:35,610 --> 00:21:43,110
server sends the IP address. prefix length, gw, dns and domain name information 
198

199
00:21:43,290 --> 00:21:45,350
to clients.
199

200
00:21:45,360 --> 00:21:55,310
Let's take a look at the SLAAC. the router can offer three types of informations as SLAAC type.
200

201
00:21:55,380 --> 00:21:56,810
The first one is SLAAC only 
201

202
00:21:56,820 --> 00:22:00,690
if router sends SLAAC on the message.
202

203
00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:10,100
That means use the information that router sends only. if router offers SLAAC  and dhcpv6
203

204
00:22:10,130 --> 00:22:16,070
That means use the information that router sends and get the others from the dhcpv6 server for
204

205
00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:23,710
example use the information that I'm sending you like IP address and prefix length and Gateway but get
205

206
00:22:24,050 --> 00:22:32,900
your DNS from the dhcp version 6 server and third method is dhcpv6 only.
206

207
00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:38,410
And in this method router is offering that.I'm sorry man I cannot offer you anything.
207

208
00:22:38,410 --> 00:22:44,710
Just use the dhcpv 6 server to get all of your informations Let's see that with an example for
208

209
00:22:45,810 --> 00:22:46,440
Let's see.
209

210
00:22:47,420 --> 00:22:56,290
With an example host is saying that hey router I need IP version 6 options man ! router gets the message.
210

211
00:22:56,530 --> 00:23:06,490
And can offer three types of messages in the first message SLAAC  only router saying that here is your
211

212
00:23:06,490 --> 00:23:11,770
IP prefix length and gw , in the second method 
212

213
00:23:12,220 --> 00:23:14,470
router is offering that here is your IP.
213

214
00:23:14,470 --> 00:23:24,320
prefix length But ask the DHCP version 6 server for the DNS and domain name and here's the last step.
214

215
00:23:24,320 --> 00:23:34,700
Router can also say that I'm sorry my friend, I don't have anything for you as the DHCP version 6 server about all
215

216
00:23:34,940 --> 00:23:39,230
And here we can dhcp version 6
216

217
00:23:39,230 --> 00:23:47,450
6 you can take a look to the version 6 options in those example host is saying that hey router 
217

218
00:23:47,450 --> 00:23:48,560
I need IP version 6 options 
218

219
00:23:50,080 --> 00:23:52,540
router can offer that :
219

220
00:23:52,610 --> 00:23:59,440
Here is your IP, prefix length but ask the  dhcp version 6 server for DNS and domain name . host gets the IP and 
220

221
00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:06,580
prefix length from router and ask DHCPv6 server for DNS and domain name.
221

222
00:24:06,580 --> 00:24:17,020
the other unicast type that we are using in IP version 6 is IP version 6 local unicast .that provides communication
222

223
00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:19,050
on the same local link.
223

224
00:24:20,190 --> 00:24:25,390
That's a similar logic to IP version 4 private addresses.
224

225
00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:29,450
And this address is assigned with prefix
225

226
00:24:29,590 --> 00:24:40,810
fe80::/64 although being defined as the block of this block and link 
226

227
00:24:40,810 --> 00:24:47,770
local unicast addresses are also being used for the next hop calculation in routing protocols and interface ID 
227

228
00:24:47,860 --> 00:24:55,640
can be randomly created or can be created. with the EUI-64 process
228

229
00:24:55,720 --> 00:25:03,610
which we're going to examine in the next slide . as you can see the IPV6 link local
229

230
00:25:03,670 --> 00:25:05,500
unicast has two portions
230

231
00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:12,020
first portion is these address space.
231

232
00:25:12,050 --> 00:25:18,920
This is the remaining 54 bits and in the second portion we have interface ID and we can calculate the interface
232

233
00:25:18,940 --> 00:25:25,200
ID randomly or with EUI process.
233

234
00:25:25,210 --> 00:25:31,900
And let's take a look to the EUI 64 process.
234

235
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:37,000
The first step is F F E E to the middle of the client's MAC address.
235

236
00:25:37,120 --> 00:25:47,210
Let's say that this is my MAC address 0 0 0 C 2 9 2 c 0 0 c 0 3 4 so on and the 5 and the middle
236

237
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:54,820
of the mac address is here.
237

238
00:25:54,910 --> 00:26:06,810
and I'm ejecting an F F F E to the middle of the address.
238

239
00:26:07,010 --> 00:26:11,270
Then I need to reverse the seventh bit for example.
239

240
00:26:11,480 --> 00:26:14,780
If so it is 0. make it 1.
240

241
00:26:15,020 --> 00:26:23,800
If it's 1 make it 0 and establish the 64 bit device identifier.
241

242
00:26:23,940 --> 00:26:24,990
And I'm going to
242

243
00:26:28,340 --> 00:26:31,790
here 0 0 and I'm writing 0 0
243

244
00:26:36,580 --> 00:26:47,730
this is 0 0 and I'm reverting 7 bit, my 7th bit is zero.
244

245
00:26:47,850 --> 00:26:57,370
But I'm reverting it to one and as you can see that here is still 0 which presents here and here represents too.
245

246
00:26:57,550 --> 00:27:01,930
And here is my device identifier.
246

247
00:27:06,430 --> 00:27:15,560
and we have loopback, unspecified address, unique local  and embedded IPv4 address types.
247

248
00:27:15,660 --> 00:27:21,750
embedded IPv4 helps transition to IP version 6 , unique local is used for a local addressing, unspecified
248

249
00:27:21,820 --> 00:27:29,070
address is used when the device doesn't yet have a permanent IP version 6 address and loopback is used
249

250
00:27:29,070 --> 00:27:33,560
for sending packet to itself by a host.
250

251
00:27:33,750 --> 00:27:42,530
If I want to display the IP version 6 routing table, I'm using the show IP version 6 route. in a router
251

252
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:54,180
IP version 6 routing tables and IP v4 routing tables are kept separately. If I want to display this,
252

253
00:27:54,370 --> 00:28:03,290
I'm using show ip route command but if I want to display the IP version 6 routing table I need to use
253

254
00:28:03,290 --> 00:28:05,670
the show IP version 6 route command.
254

255
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:15,960
But we have the same logic in the routing table as you can see that as you will remember that means
255

256
00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:16,590
connected.
256

257
00:28:16,600 --> 00:28:24,550
That's local That's EIGRP and I have also my networks and I have my next hops that's the same logic with ipv4 
257

258
00:28:24,570 --> 00:28:28,650
routing table.
258

259
00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:32,340
Let's take a look to the where to find and troubleshooting type connectivity.
259

260
00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:40,320
The easiest method that I can verify and troubleshoot the IP connectivity is the ping command.
260

261
00:28:42,090 --> 00:28:53,060
For example if I want to check the reachability between PC one and PC2 I can use ping command in PC1
261

262
00:28:53,060 --> 00:29:04,490
I can use that ping 0 3 and check that if I have reachability to PC 2 or not
262

263
00:29:08,500 --> 00:29:15,590
I can also use the extended ping too which has another features like
263

264
00:29:15,590 --> 00:29:22,870
How many times I can ping, I can specify datagram size and timeout and sth like
264

265
00:29:22,870 --> 00:29:25,810
that.
265

266
00:29:25,940 --> 00:29:28,120
And here is output of ping command
266

267
00:29:28,260 --> 00:29:35,420
For example in here I'm seeing the successful ping because I'm getting a reply from the remote device
267

268
00:29:36,090 --> 00:29:38,990
and we are happy as you see
268

269
00:29:41,780 --> 00:29:45,780
if you see an output like this request time out
269

270
00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:52,480
That means that the remote device is not sending a reply to us and that means here's the bad news.
270

271
00:29:54,170 --> 00:29:55,510
Time to cry.
271

272
00:29:55,820 --> 00:29:56,910
Rquest time out.
272

273
00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:05,610
And we have also traceroute command to verify  connectivity traceroute is used to test
273

274
00:30:05,610 --> 00:30:06,320
the path
274

275
00:30:06,420 --> 00:30:20,770
hop by hop for example if I want to test the Path from PC1 to until here I can use from PC one to tracert
275

276
00:30:22,150 --> 00:30:23,660
10.0.0.1 command.
276

277
00:30:27,280 --> 00:30:30,310
This will check the path hop by hop
277

278
00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:37,210
And will say me if there's a problem on the road or not.
278

279
00:30:38,170 --> 00:30:43,980
Please keep in mind that if I'm using trace routes from a PC I need to use tracert
279

280
00:30:44,290 --> 00:30:50,830
But if I want to use trace route from a network device such as a switch or router I need to use trace
280

281
00:30:50,830 --> 00:30:58,970
route command in and 
and traceroute has also extended options too
281

282
00:30:59,290 --> 00:31:03,020
And here is the command the output of the trace route.
282

283
00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:04,830
For example tracert
283

284
00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:14,010
this IP address we can write the domain name or the IP address too.
284

285
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:21,260
And here is the path that I'm using when I'm trying to reach to this IP address.
285

286
00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:31,930
And that means trace complete and that shows that you have reachability and there's no problem.
286

287
00:31:32,080 --> 00:31:38,120
But in this scenario as you can see that I'm going to this ip add., here too , here too
287

288
00:31:38,140 --> 00:31:46,200
But here is the last node that I can go when I'm trying to go to the IP address.
288

289
00:31:46,510 --> 00:31:48,390
And as you can see that it's time to cry.
289

290
00:31:48,390 --> 00:32:00,130
Here is bad news, if I need to troubleshoot that way I don't need to check the nodes between here I need to
290

291
00:32:00,130 --> 00:32:03,560
go I need to take a look at the further of here.
291

292
00:32:05,230 --> 00:32:10,340
and we have also debug command which provides real time troubleshoot about protocols
292

293
00:32:10,340 --> 00:32:12,150
IOs processes and events.
293

294
00:32:12,410 --> 00:32:20,000
But please keep in mind that you should use debug command very carefully because debug command may
294

295
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:20,440
cause
295

296
00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:22,330
Hi CPU usage.
296

297
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:29,700
If you want to stop the Debug that you open you should perform.
297

298
00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:32,720
u all command and and that's your best friend.
298

299
00:32:33,410 --> 00:32:43,980
And for example debug IP X is an example usage of the command for example debug IP RIP
299

300
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:46,050
when you are debugging RIPmessages
300

301
00:32:50,020 --> 00:32:52,390
and we have another great tool that I can use.
301

302
00:32:52,530 --> 00:32:59,130
That's the terminal monitor command which is used to display log messages when connected via telnet or Ssh
302

303
00:32:59,130 --> 00:33:00,050
to the device.
303

304
00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:05,050
Log messages are displayed by default for just console connection.
304

305
00:33:05,330 --> 00:33:10,220
And if you want to view them in Telnet or SSH session you need to type terminal monitor.