WEBVTT 00:00.540 --> 00:07.380 OK so what we're going to be talking about in these next three lectures are the three C's cohesion coherence 00:07.440 --> 00:09.150 and concise. 00:09.150 --> 00:17.580 These are the big three C's that you need to know how to do well in order to score at a high mark on 00:17.580 --> 00:25.240 the writing section cohesive cohesive writing is is something that graders really really appreciate. 00:25.440 --> 00:33.150 Coherence is something that's expected in writing concisely is a high level English skill is extremely 00:33.150 --> 00:34.360 impressive. 00:34.470 --> 00:41.310 So if you can really work on mastering these three general English skills is going to definitely help 00:41.310 --> 00:42.450 your exam score. 00:42.680 --> 00:46.510 OK so let's take a look at it. 00:48.160 --> 00:55.030 So first up we're going to talk about what is cohesive writing and then after cohesive writing will 00:55.030 --> 01:02.200 move into coherence and after that we'll talk about concise writing. 01:02.200 --> 01:08.470 So cohesion when you talk about the heat cohesion we're talking about the grammatical aspects of writing 01:09.310 --> 01:15.480 is extremely extremely important because cohesion affects the tone of your writing. 01:15.850 --> 01:16.590 Right. 01:16.600 --> 01:21.520 It deals with the connection of your ideas at the sentence in paragraph level. 01:21.520 --> 01:28.510 So when you have really really good cohesion that's something that brings everything together so your 01:28.510 --> 01:34.090 ideas are linked together and you're using language just helping you to be able to answer the question 01:34.090 --> 01:37.540 directly and clearly throughout the entire essay. 01:38.110 --> 01:47.770 So cohesion is and a very important group of very important writing skill that students need to know 01:47.770 --> 01:51.880 how to do well a text will have cohesion. 01:51.880 --> 01:54.860 The F is clearly organized right. 01:55.310 --> 02:05.210 So sometimes I can spot an essay that's going to lack cohesion when I see a bad thesis statement when 02:05.210 --> 02:10.500 I see a bad thesis statement or I see I like a general thesis statement. 02:10.700 --> 02:14.240 There's not that doesn't have any specificity at all. 02:14.630 --> 02:17.800 I know there's about to be a cohesion problem. 02:18.350 --> 02:21.940 What I see a student that they can't write topic sentences. 02:21.950 --> 02:25.530 I know there's going to be a cohesion problem right. 02:25.560 --> 02:35.390 So cohesion is dealing with words and phrases that like signpost symbols is like the stop sign or it's 02:35.390 --> 02:37.520 like a yield sign right. 02:37.520 --> 02:39.770 It gives you direction of where to go 02:42.440 --> 02:43.780 cohesive writing. 02:43.910 --> 02:48.350 As I said earlier is the glue it keeps it all together. 02:48.470 --> 02:53.500 It makes your essay easy to read easy to read. 02:53.550 --> 02:56.820 You know when you when you see an essay that's easy to read. 02:56.930 --> 03:00.370 That means that it has a high level of cohesion. 03:00.440 --> 03:04.710 These are my three big tips for cohesion and coherence. 03:04.760 --> 03:08.060 Very often I talk about these two together because they go hand-in-hand. 03:09.480 --> 03:10.190 OK. 03:11.100 --> 03:15.380 So you write a proper thesis statement right. 03:15.400 --> 03:23.830 If you write a proper thesis statement you increase your ability to have cohesion writing a great outline 03:24.700 --> 03:32.140 and making sure each section of the essay is connected. 03:32.290 --> 03:34.480 These are different cohesion devices 03:38.340 --> 03:42.920 OK conjunctions great cohesive devices. 03:42.990 --> 03:46.700 Very often students write sentences in their missing conjunctions. 03:46.920 --> 03:54.240 When you're missing conjunctions you're damaging your cohesion punctuation proper punctuation since 03:54.240 --> 03:58.810 that sentence connect gives sentence frames. 03:58.830 --> 03:59.210 Right 04:03.420 --> 04:13.450 so these are all cohesive devices conjunctions are great again because they show the links between your 04:13.450 --> 04:14.620 ideas. 04:14.620 --> 04:21.580 Punctuation is important because it helps you know where you stop and go and where do you pause your 04:21.580 --> 04:27.160 sentence can negatives help you to be able to transition from idea to idea and your sentence frames 04:27.190 --> 04:29.050 act like signposting. 04:29.050 --> 04:35.710 So if you want to have really good cohesion These are the devices that you need to be able to use very 04:35.710 --> 04:36.150 well 04:40.850 --> 04:43.050 repetition. 04:43.630 --> 04:44.010 Right. 04:44.130 --> 04:52.500 So some people say well it's not good to be repetitive sometimes repetition is great for cohesion but 04:52.500 --> 04:57.360 you can't be rapid you can't be overly repetitive. 04:57.360 --> 04:57.720 Right. 04:57.720 --> 05:03.930 Sometimes when you're overly repetitive especially on an English test it shows you have a lack of ability 05:05.630 --> 05:13.820 but here we're being repetitive with a very specific word combination modern art right. 05:13.850 --> 05:20.990 So by me repeating this in the first sentence in the second sentence I'm using repetition in a way that 05:20.990 --> 05:22.040 is cohesive 05:24.560 --> 05:31.760 synonyms and synonyms and paraphrasing right synonyms are words that have the same meaning and provide 05:31.790 --> 05:35.230 provide variety in your word choices. 05:35.230 --> 05:42.180 Right UCSC is they're avoiding repetition because really repetition is something that should be used 05:42.180 --> 05:50.090 very very specifically with very very specific language that doesn't really have synonyms. 05:50.100 --> 05:52.540 Now here's an example below. 05:52.540 --> 05:55.240 You see in the first sentence we have the word myths. 05:55.540 --> 05:59.410 And then in the second sentence we use the words traditional narratives. 05:59.470 --> 06:02.240 That's an example of using synonym language. 06:02.290 --> 06:05.170 That type of setting them language builds cohesion 06:07.260 --> 06:09.470 pronouns. 06:09.750 --> 06:10.170 Right. 06:10.180 --> 06:18.350 Effective use of pronouns is so so important so important because it's an English school everybody. 06:18.350 --> 06:18.590 Right. 06:18.620 --> 06:21.480 And remember this is an English test. 06:21.620 --> 06:26.780 So look at what I have here at the bottom when psychological when psychological counseling devices do 06:26.780 --> 06:32.510 not work out as expected they are often considered a failure until the right doctor is located to try 06:32.510 --> 06:33.680 again. 06:33.680 --> 06:35.200 Those that work better. 06:35.450 --> 06:39.570 Those that work out better the second time often lead to positive results. 06:39.590 --> 06:46.390 That is what cohesive needed that that is what cohesive writing looks like. 06:46.450 --> 06:53.650 That is what cohesive writing looks like everyone repeated parallel structure really really important 06:55.130 --> 06:55.640 right. 06:55.650 --> 07:01.500 Really really important when editing your writing notice when you have repeated what you have admitted 07:01.860 --> 07:07.890 and what you have not expressed clearly that is called repeated parallel structure repeated parallel 07:07.890 --> 07:10.020 structure is evidence of cohesion 07:12.440 --> 07:15.500 transitions most of you know transitions. 07:15.630 --> 07:15.850 Right. 07:15.860 --> 07:22.280 I'm not going to read this paragraph here but most students when they think about the word cohesion 07:22.310 --> 07:27.980 they think about transitions and they overly use transitions. 07:27.970 --> 07:36.570 Right now this example here is I wouldn't use this mini exam this many transitions I'm just using these 07:36.570 --> 07:46.230 transitions here to give you an example of transitional language but the big problem is that most students 07:46.650 --> 07:53.710 only think about cohesion and will they only think about transitions when it comes to cohesion. 07:53.820 --> 07:57.540 And there are transitions there's repeat a parallel structure. 07:57.570 --> 07:58.990 There are pronouns. 07:59.040 --> 08:03.120 They're synonyms and there's repetition of specific language. 08:03.300 --> 08:10.180 All of these combined together really build cohesion is not just about transitions. 08:10.410 --> 08:12.490 It's not just about transitions everybody. 08:14.010 --> 08:19.170 I'm not going to read this but this is an example of transitional language. 08:19.170 --> 08:27.060 We can look at these two paragraphs and look at how the paragraph at the bottom uses transition language 08:27.690 --> 08:30.360 and how it's easier to understand because of that transition. 08:36.590 --> 08:39.650 So take a look at that and get a good idea of how transitions are. 08:48.390 --> 08:49.170 Okay everybody. 08:49.470 --> 08:55.200 And here we have an example of low or basic level cohesion and I know a lot of you are going to look 08:55.200 --> 09:00.840 at this and say well the sentences are well written why is this the low score. 09:00.840 --> 09:07.320 Write something I'll be well written and written correctly but the level of English demonstrated is 09:07.320 --> 09:09.700 a low level right. 09:09.730 --> 09:16.360 So this doesn't have any cohesion cohesive devices is just a series of short simple sentences. 09:17.850 --> 09:24.550 It's a series of short simple sentences and also it has fragments like 09:29.390 --> 09:30.950 here's that same paragraph. 09:32.980 --> 09:36.170 It has a good or intermediate level of cohesion. 09:43.100 --> 09:49.730 Here is that same paragraph with a high score advanced level of cohesion. 09:53.560 --> 09:58.300 Now I know some of you are saying well I will I want to see the mod together I can't really see them 09:58.300 --> 09:59.350 separated like this. 09:59.350 --> 10:01.050 Don't worry about that. 10:01.050 --> 10:03.610 Here it is right. 10:03.610 --> 10:11.550 Look at example one example to an example three look at exact look at the difference between a low score 10:11.550 --> 10:17.170 of cohesion a good score of cohesion and a high score of cohesion. 10:17.340 --> 10:20.580 When we talk about cohesion This is what we're talking about. 10:23.730 --> 10:31.740 OK so thank you very much for joining me in this discussion on cohesion and I hope that it was beneficial 10:31.740 --> 10:32.430 for you. 10:32.430 --> 10:34.020 Thanks a lot and talk to you soon.