1 00:00:00,060 --> 00:00:07,529 Welcome to the first lecture. In this 2 00:00:00,060 --> 00:00:07,529 lecture we're going to focus on these 3 00:00:07,529 --> 00:00:22,920 two vowel sounds: /eI/ as in 'game' and // as 4 00:00:07,529 --> 00:00:22,920 in 'and'. So the first thing I'd like you 5 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:30,810 to notice with these two sounds is the 6 00:00:22,920 --> 00:00:30,810 difference in length /eI/ is the first 7 00:00:30,810 --> 00:00:41,850 sound. It's quite long /eI/ /eI/. And the second 8 00:00:30,810 --> 00:00:41,850 sound // is very very short. It comes out 9 00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:48,629 in a very short bursts: // 10 00:00:41,850 --> 00:00:48,629 So listen to the two words that I gave 11 00:00:48,629 --> 00:00:59,399 you first: /eI/ as in 'game' and // as in 'and' 12 00:00:48,629 --> 00:00:59,399 So you can hear the difference in the 13 00:00:59,399 --> 00:01:07,890 length. This is because /eI/ is actually two 14 00:00:59,399 --> 00:01:07,890 vowels pushed together to make one sound. 15 00:01:07,890 --> 00:01:17,340 /e/, /I/ becomes /eI/, so it's a longer vowel sound 16 00:01:07,890 --> 00:01:17,340 than //. That's the first difference 17 00:01:17,340 --> 00:01:23,670 between these two sounds. The other thing 18 00:01:17,340 --> 00:01:23,670 I'd like you to notice is the mouth 19 00:01:23,670 --> 00:01:38,579 shape. /eI/ the mouth is wide but it's not 20 00:01:23,670 --> 00:01:38,579 so far open. /eI/ 'game' 'game' /eI/. However the 21 00:01:38,579 --> 00:01:47,909 second vowel the mouth is much further 22 00:01:38,579 --> 00:01:47,909 open // // can you see the mouth? It's 23 00:01:47,909 --> 00:01:57,390 much much further open // as in 'and' 'and' 24 00:01:47,909 --> 00:01:57,390 So these are the two main differences 25 00:01:57,390 --> 00:02:07,350 between these two sounds. Now let's head 26 00:01:57,390 --> 00:02:07,350 over to the target sound practice for 27 00:02:07,350 --> 00:02:13,560 the first sound. The first sound 28 00:02:07,350 --> 00:02:13,560 remember is /eI/ 29 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:21,270 It's represented by 'e' and 'I' as you can see 30 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:21,270 on the left. These are the two 31 00:02:21,270 --> 00:02:29,490 symbols that represent this English 32 00:02:21,270 --> 00:02:29,490 sound /eI/. So I'd like you to look at this 33 00:02:29,490 --> 00:02:34,170 word list. 34 00:02:29,490 --> 00:02:34,170 Notice that I've highlighted in orange 35 00:02:34,170 --> 00:02:42,450 the part of the word where the sound 36 00:02:34,170 --> 00:02:42,450 appears. Notice that and repeat each 37 00:02:42,450 --> 00:02:50,519 word after me focusing on the vowel 38 00:02:42,450 --> 00:02:50,519 sound we are targeting. Let's start. 39 00:02:50,519 --> 00:03:10,489 Repeat after me. 40 00:02:50,519 --> 00:03:10,489 Hate. Mate. Say. Always. Grey. Eight. Jail. 41 00:03:10,489 --> 00:03:22,290 Great. Cake. Very well done! So you can 42 00:03:10,489 --> 00:03:22,290 notice the sound now. It's a longer vowel 43 00:03:22,290 --> 00:03:26,760 sound. 44 00:03:22,290 --> 00:03:26,760 Also notice the spelling that is used 45 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:35,880 for this sound. The spelling is very 46 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:35,880 often 'a' for example 'cake' C-A-K-E 47 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:40,440 This is the spelling that represents 48 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:40,440 this sound. 49 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:51,950 Another common spelling for /eI/ is 'a' 'y' 50 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:51,950 for example 'day' D-A-Y 'day'. So D-A-Y, 'day' 51 00:03:51,950 --> 00:03:58,950 contains the target sound /eI/. It's very 52 00:03:51,950 --> 00:03:58,950 simple. You need to start looking at the 53 00:03:58,950 --> 00:04:06,989 spelling as representing these sounds. 54 00:03:58,950 --> 00:04:06,989 Now let's go to the second target sound 55 00:04:06,989 --> 00:04:14,130 of this lecture. Remember the second 56 00:04:06,989 --> 00:04:14,130 sound is much shorter and the mouth is 57 00:04:14,130 --> 00:04:27,330 more open. // as in 'and'. So let's look at 58 00:04:14,130 --> 00:04:27,330 the target sound practice words. 59 00:04:27,330 --> 00:04:33,919 You can notice on the left, this is the 60 00:04:27,330 --> 00:04:33,919 symbol that represents the sound // 61 00:04:33,919 --> 00:04:39,810 Don't worry too much about the symbols 62 00:04:33,919 --> 00:04:39,810 but if you can remember them, it's very 63 00:04:39,810 --> 00:04:49,490 very useful. Let's practice the target 64 00:04:39,810 --> 00:04:49,490 sound. Repeat each word after me again. 65 00:04:49,490 --> 00:05:00,050 Hat. 66 00:04:49,490 --> 00:05:00,050 Mat. Plan. Bang. 67 00:05:00,050 --> 00:05:16,229 Athens. Saturday. Android. Africa. Apple. 68 00:05:00,050 --> 00:05:16,229 OK, excellent. Now did you notice the 69 00:05:16,229 --> 00:05:23,279 spelling of all these words in this set? 70 00:05:16,229 --> 00:05:23,279 The spelling that this sound represents is 71 00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:34,710 simply 'a'. Now 'a' is sometimes represented 72 00:05:23,279 --> 00:05:34,710 by the first sound /eI/ as well. For example 73 00:05:34,710 --> 00:05:44,479 'cake' C-A-K-E is not pronounced 'kak' it's 74 00:05:34,710 --> 00:05:44,479 pronounced 'cake'. This is the longer vowel. 75 00:05:44,479 --> 00:05:54,000 But sometimes the letter 'a' represents 76 00:05:44,479 --> 00:05:54,000 the shorter sound as in 'hat' H-A-T 77 00:05:54,000 --> 00:06:03,180 'hat'. So this is the shorter vowel sound 78 00:05:54,000 --> 00:06:03,180 that we just practiced. To make the 79 00:06:03,180 --> 00:06:08,819 two sounds even clearer for you, so you 80 00:06:03,180 --> 00:06:08,819 can practice more, we're going to look at 81 00:06:08,819 --> 00:06:17,279 some minimal pairs. What are minimal 82 00:06:08,819 --> 00:06:17,279 pairs? They're simply words, usually very 83 00:06:17,279 --> 00:06:25,770 short words, which have exactly the same 84 00:06:17,279 --> 00:06:25,770 sounds except for one sound. The one 85 00:06:25,770 --> 00:06:32,879 sound difference is going to be the two 86 00:06:25,770 --> 00:06:32,879 targets sounds. So look at this list that 87 00:06:32,879 --> 00:06:39,719 I've made for you. These are called 88 00:06:32,879 --> 00:06:39,719 minimal pairs. On the left you can see 89 00:06:39,719 --> 00:06:44,930 the words 90 00:06:39,719 --> 00:06:44,930 that have the /eI/ sound, the longer vowel 91 00:06:44,930 --> 00:06:52,970 and on the right you can see the words 92 00:06:44,930 --> 00:06:52,970 that have the shorter sound // and the 93 00:06:52,970 --> 00:06:59,420 two words are exactly the same except 94 00:06:52,970 --> 00:06:59,420 for this one sound difference. For 95 00:06:59,420 --> 00:07:07,940 example, 'ape' 'app'. These two words are 96 00:06:59,420 --> 00:07:07,940 the same except for the vowel sound. So 97 00:07:07,940 --> 00:07:15,410 what I'd like you to do is listen to me 98 00:07:07,940 --> 00:07:15,410 say each pair and repeat each pair after 99 00:07:15,410 --> 00:07:21,290 me so you can clearly hear the 100 00:07:15,410 --> 00:07:21,290 difference between these two sounds. 101 00:07:21,290 --> 00:07:42,070 Let's get started. 102 00:07:21,290 --> 00:07:42,070 Ape, app. Hate, hat. Plain, plan. Main, man. 103 00:07:42,430 --> 00:07:56,990 Ate, at. Kate, cat. OK, now I hope you can 104 00:07:42,430 --> 00:07:56,990 really see the difference and notice the 105 00:07:56,990 --> 00:08:04,300 difference between these two sounds. The 106 00:07:56,990 --> 00:08:04,300 longer one and the much shorter one. 107 00:08:04,300 --> 00:08:12,560 Finally what I like to do is look at the 108 00:08:04,300 --> 00:08:12,560 target sounds in use. This means simply 109 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:18,560 in a sentence. You can use the 110 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:18,560 sentence and practice the target sound 111 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:24,610 within a sentence rather than just 112 00:08:18,560 --> 00:08:24,610 saying words. Look at these sentences. 113 00:08:24,610 --> 00:08:32,990 The first one targets the /eI/ sound. Can 114 00:08:24,610 --> 00:08:32,990 you see that I've highlighted in orange 115 00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:40,640 each target sound? And sentence one 116 00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:40,640 targets the /eI/ sound. I'd like you to 117 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:52,550 repeat the sentence after me. It's such a 118 00:08:40,640 --> 00:08:52,550 grey day today. Sentence two targets the 119 00:08:52,550 --> 00:08:58,310 shorter vowel sound // 120 00:08:52,550 --> 00:08:58,310 Repeat the sentence after me. 121 00:08:58,310 --> 00:09:04,330 Ann is planning to move to Amsterdam. 122 00:09:05,350 --> 00:09:14,990 OK. Sentence three targets both sounds. 123 00:09:05,350 --> 00:09:14,990 So look carefully and focus on the 124 00:09:14,990 --> 00:09:27,440 target sounds. Repeat after me. The cake 125 00:09:14,990 --> 00:09:27,440 tasted absolutely fantastic. And number 126 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:36,170 four also targets both sounds, so notice 127 00:09:27,440 --> 00:09:36,170 the sounds and repeat after me. The man 128 00:09:36,170 --> 00:09:43,160 wearing the hat looks strange. 129 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:47,340 That's the end of lecture one. 130 00:09:47,440 --> 00:09:53,560 Now what I'd like you to do is go to video two, and you'll be able to see me 131 00:09:53,620 --> 00:09:58,880 saying all the words we practised in this video close up. 132 00:09:58,880 --> 00:10:04,560 You'll look at my mouth and be able to see the shape of my mouth 133 00:10:04,560 --> 00:10:11,260 as I pronounce each word. You can model my mouth and model my pronunciation. 134 00:10:11,260 --> 00:10:18,820 This is very very helpful. Secondly, make sure you grab the PDF file 135 00:10:18,820 --> 00:10:24,160 which contains many many exercises for this lecture. 136 00:10:24,160 --> 00:10:33,740 And lastly, most importantly, download the MP3 because the MP3 contains 137 00:10:33,740 --> 00:10:39,020 lots and lots of target sound use, so that you can listen 138 00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:45,540 and you can start to really, deeply understand the two target sounds. 139 00:10:45,540 --> 00:10:50,280 So grab those right now. I'll see you in the next video.