1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:11,630 Here are the next two consonant sounds 2 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:11,630 we're going to master: /d/ as in 'do' and /t/ as 3 00:00:11,630 --> 00:00:22,199 in 'to'. So this pair, like many other 4 00:00:11,630 --> 00:00:22,199 consonant sounds we've covered, features 5 00:00:22,199 --> 00:00:30,300 one voiced and one unvoiced sound. Which one do you think is the voiced sound? Have a 6 00:00:30,300 --> 00:00:34,240 listen: /d/ /t/ 7 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:41,070 That's right it is the first sound. Put 8 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:41,070 your hand over your throat and produce 9 00:00:41,070 --> 00:00:55,920 the sound /d/ /d/ as in do. The second 10 00:00:41,070 --> 00:00:55,920 sound is unvoiced /t/ /t/ Now what part of 11 00:00:55,920 --> 00:01:02,149 the mouth do we use? How do we use the 12 00:00:55,920 --> 00:01:02,149 tongue to actually produce these sounds? 13 00:01:02,149 --> 00:01:08,310 What we do is the tongue is pushed up 14 00:01:02,149 --> 00:01:08,310 against the top of the mouth just behind 15 00:01:08,310 --> 00:01:16,979 the teeth and we block the air. 16 00:01:08,310 --> 00:01:16,979 Suddenly, then we pull the tongue down to 17 00:01:16,979 --> 00:01:23,299 release the air and this is what 18 00:01:16,979 --> 00:01:23,299 produces the sound. So you have a try 19 00:01:23,299 --> 00:01:30,119 feel your tongue. Feel where it is 20 00:01:23,299 --> 00:01:30,119 in your mouth and notice what you do to 21 00:01:30,119 --> 00:01:45,210 produce the sound. /d/ /t/ /d/ as in do /t/ as in to. Can you notice the tongue? So it's the 22 00:01:45,210 --> 00:01:50,939 same for both sounds. Remember with these pairs, the voiced and unvoiced is the 23 00:01:50,939 --> 00:01:56,119 only difference. The shape of the mouth 24 00:01:50,939 --> 00:01:56,119 and the position of the tongue is 25 00:01:56,119 --> 00:02:05,939 exactly the same. /d/ and /t/ That's one 26 00:01:56,119 --> 00:02:05,939 big difference between the sounds. The 27 00:02:05,939 --> 00:02:12,180 other one is, like I mentioned before, the 28 00:02:05,939 --> 00:02:12,180 force of the sounds. So the voiced one, if 29 00:02:12,180 --> 00:02:16,650 you can put your hand over your mouth again and feel your 30 00:02:16,650 --> 00:02:25,590 breath of air. /d/ /d/ /d/ You can just 31 00:02:16,650 --> 00:02:25,590 feel a little bit of air on your hand. 32 00:02:25,590 --> 00:02:35,370 But if you try the second sound /t/ /t/ there's much more air. So the second sound, 33 00:02:35,370 --> 00:02:42,150 the unvoiced, is more forceful. That's 34 00:02:35,370 --> 00:02:42,150 another difference. Now let's move on to 35 00:02:42,150 --> 00:02:51,150 the first target sound practice word 36 00:02:42,150 --> 00:02:51,150 list for the voiced /d/ sound. This one's 37 00:02:51,150 --> 00:02:57,600 quite simple because the symbol on the 38 00:02:51,150 --> 00:02:57,600 left is the letter 'd' and the spelling is 39 00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:07,680 always 'd'. Sometimes double 'd' but usually a single 'd' letter. So listen and repeat 40 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:29,000 after me. Day. Door. Drive. Puddle. Did. 41 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:49,920 Rained. Amazed. Thailand. Dolphin. Like we covered in a previous lecture, 42 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:55,070 the sounds in English, when they come at 43 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:55,070 the beginning of a word, are sometimes 44 00:03:55,070 --> 00:04:01,770 slightly different to when they're at 45 00:03:55,070 --> 00:04:01,770 the end of a word. So the /d/ sound when it 46 00:04:01,770 --> 00:04:10,020 comes at the beginning it's very 47 00:04:01,770 --> 00:04:10,020 forceful: day D-A-Y day. When it's at the end 48 00:04:10,020 --> 00:04:20,549 of a word, slightly less forceful. For 49 00:04:10,020 --> 00:04:20,549 example, rained R-A-I-N-E-D rained. So we 50 00:04:20,549 --> 00:04:26,610 don't push out as much force as when 51 00:04:20,549 --> 00:04:26,610 it's at the beginning of a word, you see. 52 00:04:26,610 --> 00:04:33,840 So the end is slightly less forceful. 53 00:04:26,610 --> 00:04:33,840 Let's move on to the second target sound 54 00:04:33,840 --> 00:04:44,700 practice list. This is for the unvoiced 55 00:04:33,840 --> 00:04:44,700 sound /t/. So again, the symbol is simply the 56 00:04:44,700 --> 00:04:53,510 't' and the spelling is always 't'. Again, 57 00:04:44,700 --> 00:04:53,510 sometimes double 't' but usually just 't'. So 58 00:04:53,510 --> 00:05:02,090 listen and repeat. 59 00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:25,320 Tie. Toe. Toast. Taste. Letter. Water. Heart. 60 00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:41,710 Minute. Tomato. Something I want to 61 00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:41,710 highlight about the /t/ sound is that in 62 00:05:41,710 --> 00:05:49,930 British English the /t/ sound is usually 63 00:05:41,710 --> 00:05:49,930 pronounced quite strongly in every 64 00:05:49,930 --> 00:05:57,580 single position. However in American 65 00:05:49,930 --> 00:05:57,580 English the /t/ sound, especially when it 66 00:05:57,580 --> 00:06:04,270 comes in the middle of a word when there 67 00:05:57,580 --> 00:06:04,270 are some vowels either side of it, they 68 00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:13,390 change the /t/ sound to a /d/ sound. Let me give you an example. So in British English we 69 00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:23,730 say 'water' W-A-T-E-R for example a glass of water. The 't' sound is very clear and 70 00:06:23,730 --> 00:06:32,530 distinct. In American English, however, 71 00:06:23,730 --> 00:06:32,530 very often the 't' sound in water becomes 72 00:06:32,530 --> 00:06:39,430 a /d/ sound, like a 'd'. It becomes 'water' 'water' 73 00:06:39,430 --> 00:06:44,620 a glass of water. Can you see the difference? So this is a 74 00:06:44,620 --> 00:06:52,440 feature of British English. The 't' sound 75 00:06:44,620 --> 00:06:52,440 is always very very clearly pronounced. 76 00:06:52,440 --> 00:07:02,760 Water or for example letter L-E-T-T-E-R. In 77 00:06:52,440 --> 00:07:02,760 American English this would be 'letter' 78 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:11,830 'letter'. In British English the 't' is 79 00:07:02,760 --> 00:07:11,830 clearly pronounced letter letter. This 80 00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:16,600 is one big difference between British 81 00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:16,600 and American 82 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:25,060 English. Now let's move on to the minimal 83 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:25,060 pairs list. Very very important. On the 84 00:07:25,060 --> 00:07:34,870 left we have the /d/ voiced sound and the 85 00:07:25,060 --> 00:07:34,870 right the /t/ unvoiced sound. Listen and 86 00:07:34,870 --> 00:08:14,250 repeat after me. Dough, toe. Bad, bat. Send, sent. Dry, try. Ride, write. Deers, tears. 87 00:08:16,380 --> 00:08:21,910 Right, I hope the difference between the 88 00:08:16,380 --> 00:08:21,910 two sounds is very clear now. I hope you 89 00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:29,680 can really start to produce them nicely. 90 00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:29,680 Remember the /t/ the unvoiced sound in 91 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:36,640 British English is always very distinct, 92 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:36,640 it's very clearly pronounced. So just 93 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:44,980 keep this in mind when you're uttering 94 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:44,980 the /t/ sound. Now let's move on to the 95 00:08:44,980 --> 00:08:51,840 target sounds in use. The first sentence 96 00:08:44,980 --> 00:08:51,840 is targeting the /d/ 97 00:08:51,840 --> 00:09:01,570 sound. Let's have a look. Repeat after me. David had a bad dream 98 00:09:01,570 --> 00:09:04,560 about a dragon. 99 00:09:08,819 --> 00:09:15,769 And sentence two is targeting the /t/ sound. 100 00:09:15,889 --> 00:09:25,769 Tony turned on the TV to watch tennis. 101 00:09:25,769 --> 00:09:35,789 And sentence number three is a mix of 102 00:09:25,769 --> 00:09:35,789 the two. Don't drive too fast because 103 00:09:35,789 --> 00:09:46,499 it's dangerous. You might have an 104 00:09:35,789 --> 00:09:46,499 accident. So there we have it. The /d/ 105 00:09:46,500 --> 00:09:54,080 and the /t/ sounds. Download all the extra resources that I provided for you 106 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:59,140 so that you can master these two sounds. See you in the next lecture.