1 00:00:00,170 --> 00:00:14,389 Here are the next consonant sounds we're 2 00:00:00,170 --> 00:00:14,389 going to target: /h/ as in 'he'. /w/ as in 'we'. And 3 00:00:14,389 --> 00:00:24,539 /j/ as in 'yes'. So in this lecture we're 4 00:00:14,389 --> 00:00:24,539 targeting three consonant sounds. The 5 00:00:24,539 --> 00:00:30,990 first thing I want you to notice is that 6 00:00:24,539 --> 00:00:30,990 one of the sounds is unvoiced, two of the 7 00:00:30,990 --> 00:00:43,379 sounds are voiced. Which one is unvoiced? Have a listen. /h/ /w/ /j/ That's right, 8 00:00:43,379 --> 00:00:53,100 it's the first sound. The first sound is 9 00:00:43,379 --> 00:00:53,100 unvoiced. Put your hand over your throat /h/ /h/ 10 00:00:53,100 --> 00:00:59,100 It's just air coming out of your mouth, that's it. We don't use our voice. The 11 00:00:59,100 --> 00:01:06,060 other two sounds, however, use your voice. Use the vocal cords to produce a 12 00:01:06,060 --> 00:01:16,860 sound /w/ as in we and /j/ as in yes. 13 00:01:06,060 --> 00:01:16,860 So that's the first difference I'd like 14 00:01:16,860 --> 00:01:22,170 you to notice. Now how do we actually 15 00:01:16,860 --> 00:01:22,170 make these sounds? 16 00:01:22,170 --> 00:01:30,960 How can you accurately produce them? The first sound /h/ the unvoiced sound, this 17 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:38,820 is a simple one. All we do is we lift our 18 00:01:30,960 --> 00:01:38,820 tongue slightly and we reduce the gap in 19 00:01:38,820 --> 00:01:49,259 our throat so that we can make a noise 20 00:01:38,820 --> 00:01:49,259 as the air passes through. /h/ /h/ Can you hear that? 21 00:01:49,259 --> 00:01:55,500 You have a go. /h/ as in he. OK, so that's 22 00:01:55,500 --> 00:02:01,560 quite a simple one. You simply make a 23 00:01:55,500 --> 00:02:01,560 narrow gap at the back of your throat to 24 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:04,700 push the air through so it makes a 25 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:04,700 sound. 26 00:02:04,700 --> 00:02:12,510 Remember it's unvoiced. The second sound is slightly more complex. 27 00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:23,510 /w/ as in we. It has two actions with the 28 00:02:12,510 --> 00:02:23,510 shape of the lips. So notice my lips /w/ 29 00:02:23,510 --> 00:02:31,860 /w/ They start very very rounded and 30 00:02:23,510 --> 00:02:31,860 then they become relaxed, which means 31 00:02:31,860 --> 00:02:38,720 neutral. /w/ Can you see that? So it 32 00:02:31,860 --> 00:02:38,720 changes during the course of the sound. 33 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:51,540 /w/ as in we or went. OK, so practice 34 00:02:38,720 --> 00:02:51,540 that /w/ /w/. And the third sound 35 00:02:51,540 --> 00:02:59,849 /j/ as in yes. This sound is produced by 36 00:02:51,540 --> 00:02:59,849 first of all lifting the back of the 37 00:02:59,849 --> 00:03:06,239 tongue up. So you're pushing the air around the back of your 38 00:03:06,239 --> 00:03:13,560 tongue /j/ /j/. And secondly, on the 39 00:03:06,239 --> 00:03:13,560 second part of the sound you're slightly 40 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:20,970 lowering your jaw, your lower jaw. You're 41 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:20,970 pulling it down very slightly. So look at 42 00:03:20,970 --> 00:03:32,120 me and notice /j/ /j/ as in yes. So 43 00:03:20,970 --> 00:03:32,120 that is how you produce these three 44 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:40,340 consonant sounds. Now let's move on to 45 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:40,340 the target sound practice for the first 46 00:03:40,340 --> 00:03:50,310 consonant, the unvoiced sound. Let's have a look and notice that it's always the 47 00:03:50,310 --> 00:03:58,739 letter 'h' so it's quite simple. This sound 48 00:03:50,310 --> 00:03:58,739 is always represented by the letter 'h'. 49 00:03:58,739 --> 00:04:05,700 Here we have the target sound practice 50 00:03:58,739 --> 00:04:05,700 list. Listen and repeat each word after 51 00:04:05,700 --> 00:04:15,290 me. He. How. 52 00:04:16,110 --> 00:04:38,490 Hand. Happy. Behind. Horrible. Hotel. Horse. 53 00:04:39,330 --> 00:04:49,600 Hospital. If you don't have the /h/ sound in your language, it's sometimes difficult 54 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:57,930 at first to produce the sound at the 55 00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:57,930 beginning of a word, for example house or 56 00:04:57,930 --> 00:05:06,670 hate. So you need to try to really force 57 00:04:57,930 --> 00:05:06,670 the sound out and in some languages the 58 00:05:06,670 --> 00:05:12,730 'h' at the beginning of a word isn't 59 00:05:06,670 --> 00:05:12,730 pronounced, but in English it's always 60 00:05:12,730 --> 00:05:18,760 pronounced. So you need to really 61 00:05:12,730 --> 00:05:18,760 force yourself to push the air out of 62 00:05:18,760 --> 00:05:27,460 your mouth because the /h/ sound is a pretty quiet sound. It's just air coming out of 63 00:05:27,460 --> 00:05:33,250 the mouth, so you really need to try and 64 00:05:27,460 --> 00:05:33,250 force the air out at the beginning until 65 00:05:33,250 --> 00:05:41,350 it becomes more natural for you. OK, now 66 00:05:33,250 --> 00:05:41,350 let's go to the second sound target 67 00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:49,419 practice. Remember the second sound /w/ is a voiced sound. Start with very 68 00:05:49,419 --> 00:05:59,620 rounded lips /w/ /w/ and finish with 69 00:05:49,419 --> 00:05:59,620 relaxed lips /w/ as in we. So let's have 70 00:05:59,620 --> 00:06:17,490 a look at the list. Listen to each word 71 00:05:59,620 --> 00:06:17,490 and repeat once again. Win. Wine. Water. 72 00:06:18,070 --> 00:06:32,289 Swim. Sweet. Quickly. Quiet. 73 00:06:33,610 --> 00:06:47,419 Question. Tower. So did you notice the 74 00:06:33,610 --> 00:06:47,419 spellings? Very often the /w/ sound is 75 00:06:47,419 --> 00:06:57,169 represented by 'w' but it's also 76 00:06:47,419 --> 00:06:57,169 represented by 'qu'. So the 'u' sound in the 77 00:06:57,169 --> 00:07:06,260 'qu' spelling combination represents the 'w' sound, for example 'question'. Can you 78 00:07:06,260 --> 00:07:11,539 hear that? So 'qu' in English, the sounds we make are 79 00:07:11,539 --> 00:07:27,080 actually /k/ as in 'cat' and /w/ as in 'we'. 80 00:07:11,539 --> 00:07:27,080 So question question or quiet. The 81 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:35,300 /w/ sound is represented by 'u' in the 82 00:07:27,080 --> 00:07:35,300 'qu' spelling combination. So keep that in 83 00:07:35,300 --> 00:07:43,669 mind. Don't forget to produce the /w/ sound when you see 'qu. Now, the next 84 00:07:43,669 --> 00:07:52,310 target sound practice. The /j/ sound. 85 00:07:43,669 --> 00:07:52,310 Remember this is also voiced. Use the 86 00:07:52,310 --> 00:07:58,340 back of your tongue. Push it up in your 87 00:07:52,310 --> 00:07:58,340 mouth /j/ and then slightly lower your 88 00:07:58,340 --> 00:08:07,729 jaw on the second part of the sound. /j/ /j/ as in yes. Let's look at the word 89 00:08:07,729 --> 00:08:12,560 list. Notice on the left the symbol of this 90 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:22,220 sound /j/. The symbol is, strangely, a 'j'. 91 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:22,220 Don't be confused by this. It doesn't 92 00:08:22,220 --> 00:08:31,460 represent the // sound, this represents 93 00:08:22,220 --> 00:08:31,460 the /j/ sound. This is the IPA 94 00:08:31,460 --> 00:08:37,339 symbol for this sound. So don't be 95 00:08:31,460 --> 00:08:37,339 confused by this. It represents this 96 00:08:37,339 --> 00:08:58,990 sound /j/. Listen and repeat once 97 00:08:37,339 --> 00:08:58,990 again. Yes. Yellow. Yesterday. University. 98 00:09:00,010 --> 00:09:19,420 Student. Tube. Uniform. Europe. New York. 99 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:25,250 There we go. So the spelling for this sound is very 100 00:09:25,250 --> 00:09:36,440 often 'y', for example yes /j/ as in yes 101 00:09:25,250 --> 00:09:36,440 or yellow. But sometimes it's also 'u' 102 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:41,660 for example university. The sound is at the 103 00:09:41,660 --> 00:09:49,670 beginning of this word /j/ /j/ university. And it can also be in the 104 00:09:49,670 --> 00:09:55,010 middle of a word. When it's represented 105 00:09:49,670 --> 00:09:55,010 by the 'u' spelling, it can be in the 106 00:09:55,010 --> 00:10:02,600 middle. For example, tube T-U-B-E tube so after 107 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:13,270 the /t/ sound, the 't' sound, we produce the /j/ sound. Listen again: tube or student. 108 00:10:13,270 --> 00:10:23,779 So this is also represented by 'u' very 109 00:10:13,270 --> 00:10:23,779 very often. Now let's jump on to the 110 00:10:23,779 --> 00:10:29,810 minimal pairs. We're going to do two sets 111 00:10:23,779 --> 00:10:29,810 of minimal pairs because we have three 112 00:10:29,810 --> 00:10:41,209 sounds. The first set we're going to 113 00:10:29,810 --> 00:10:41,209 target are the sounds /h/ and /w/. So listen 114 00:10:41,209 --> 00:10:46,959 to each pair and repeat them after me. 115 00:10:47,110 --> 00:11:29,720 Hurry, worry. Hot, what. Hate, wait. Hell, 116 00:10:47,110 --> 00:11:29,720 well. Hill, will. Hood, wood. So that's the 117 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:35,870 first set done. Let's go to the second 118 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:35,870 set. We're going to target the two voiced 119 00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:45,470 sounds this time, the /w/ and the /j/ 120 00:11:35,870 --> 00:11:45,470 sounds. Listen to each pair and repeat 121 00:11:45,470 --> 00:11:51,670 after me. We're, year. 122 00:11:54,340 --> 00:11:59,290 What, yacht. 123 00:12:02,450 --> 00:12:29,079 Wet, yet. Woe, yo. Well, yell. Woke, yolk. 124 00:12:33,710 --> 00:12:39,589 I hope those exercises have helped 125 00:12:33,710 --> 00:12:39,589 you to distinguish between the sounds 126 00:12:39,589 --> 00:12:46,490 and to really start to notice how to 127 00:12:39,589 --> 00:12:46,490 produce the sound as well. Now let's move 128 00:12:46,490 --> 00:12:54,080 on to the last part, the target sounds 129 00:12:46,490 --> 00:12:54,080 in use. Have a look at these three 130 00:12:54,080 --> 00:13:02,290 sentences and repeat them after me. 131 00:12:54,080 --> 00:13:02,290 The first one is targeting the unvoiced 132 00:13:02,290 --> 00:13:19,880 /h/ sound. Harry and Holly bought a house in Hawaii. Sentence two is targeting the 133 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:35,810 voiced /w/ sound. We quietly walked in 134 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:35,810 the wonderful woods. And the last 135 00:13:35,810 --> 00:13:46,010 sentence is focusing on the /j/ sound. 136 00:13:35,810 --> 00:13:46,010 I'm a student of music at a beautiful 137 00:13:46,010 --> 00:13:51,430 and huge university in Europe. 138 00:13:56,860 --> 00:14:03,120 So there we go. Three consonant sounds 139 00:13:56,860 --> 00:14:03,120 done. Remember, don't stop there. 140 00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:09,120 Grab all the extra resources that I've provided for you in this course. 141 00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:12,520 See you in the next lecture.