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All right.

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So in the last lesson we did a lot of setup and we got our game to have the

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basic features.

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It's got a popup that asks us for a states' name,

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and when I type a name in here, I can receive it inside my code

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using this answer_state.

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Now your job is to use that 50_states.csv

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to

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check the user's answer against all of the states inside this table and see if

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it matches one of them. Now,

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the user might spell it with a capital to begin with say, Ohio,

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or they might just write ohio and it should work for both of these cases.

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In addition,

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when the user types in a state that is inside that 50_states.csv,

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then that state should be written onto the screen at the location where it

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exists.

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So it remember the location corresponds to the X and Y values that we already

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logged inside this data file.

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But if the user guesses a state that's wrong,

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then nothing happens and our input box appears again

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asking for a new input.

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Now notice how here in the title of the text input

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I'm also keeping track of how many states they have guessed correctly out of 50.

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And every time they add a new, um,

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new state, then that number updates.

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his is going to rely on the knowledge that you've learned about reading from

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CSV data,

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getting hold of the specific parts of the CSV data,

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finding for example, a particular row or a particular column,

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and working with that data in order to check to see if the user got the state

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right,

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and then using the data inside that row to figure out where to write some text

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at which X and Y location

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so that we can get the actual name of the state written at the location where

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they appear on the map. So this is quite a challenge

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and I expect that you'll have to think about it and play around with the code

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for at least 10 to 20 minutes. So give it the time that it needs,

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have a think about how you would break down this problem and try and complete

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this challenge. So pause the video now.

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Okay.

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All right. So I'm going to walk through the solution with you,

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but I want you to do a conscience check.

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If you haven't spent at least 20 minutes working on this problem, fixing it,

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getting it to do what you want it to do, then go back, try again.

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You need to feel the struggle in order to learn.

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I can tell you how to do anything, but if that answer didn't come from you,

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then you're not actually going to make progress. So I really,

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really urge you to give it a go before you watch the solution. All right.

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So back to our code, the first thing I'm going to do is

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I'm going to import the pandas module.

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So I'm going to import pandas.

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Now I've already installed pandas on the starting project that you downloaded,

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but if you're doing this completely from scratch from your own starting file,

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then you'll probably get a red squiggly line under the pandas

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and it will ask you to install the package. But if you don't have it,

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then it means it's already installed and ready to use.

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Now we're going to get our pandas to go ahead and read our CSV file, and the

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CSV file is called the 50_states.csv.

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So once the prompt comes up,

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then I'm going to hit enter to get PyCharm to just insert it automatically.

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Now I'm going to save that data frame that comes from reading that CSV to a

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variable called data.

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Now our data has 50 rows of data and the first row is the column headings

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for each of them. So we've got the state, the X and the Y values.

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Let's have a think about how we might break down this problem that we have.

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So when the user types an answer,

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we have to check to see if that, um,

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answer_state is one of the states in all the states of the 50_states.csv.

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The first column is a list of all 50 States.

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So if we could somehow check to see if this state that they've guessed is one of

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the states in that column, then we know whether if they got it right or wrong.

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If they got it right,

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then we need to figure out how we can create a turtle to write

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the name of the state at the state's X and Y coordinate.

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For example, if the user guessed

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South Carolina and indeed South Carolina is one of the 50 States,

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then we should be able to pull out this entire row and then create a turtle,

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make it go to this X and Y location,

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and to write the name of the state onto this blank state image in our turtle

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game. Let's see if we can tackle this. Now,

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the first thing we need to figure out is how do we get hold of all the states of

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the 50_states.csv? So we've got our data frame

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and if I go ahead and say data, then I can pull out one of the columns.

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So the column name is state,

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and I can either use that as a key with a set of square brackets,

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or I can use it as simply a attribute name.

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This gets me the data series which is that first column.

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And if I want to be able to turn that into a list,

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remember that we saw that method to_list,

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and that means we can work with it just like any other list.

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So let's call this all_states.

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And once we've got whole of this all_states, well,

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we can check to see if the answer_state is in the all_states.

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This is something that you won't be able to do,

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so checking for membership using the in keyword

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unless you have converted this into a list.

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So once we've figured out that this answer of the user provided is in fact,

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one of the states in our 50 States,

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then the next thing we need to do is to create a turtle.

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So let's create a new turtle, which we'll call t,

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and we're going to use the turtle.Turtle class to construct it.

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And then we're going to get the turtle to hide the actual turtle shape,

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and we're also going to get it to pen up so that it doesn't actually do any

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drawing.

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But what we do need it to do is we needed to go to a particular X and Y

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location.

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The X and Y location is going to correspond to the state that the user has

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correctly guessed and the row of data from our 50_states.csv.

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So how can we get hold of the actual row of data that corresponds to this state?

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Well, we can take our data and then inside some square brackets,

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we can check that the data.state is double equal to the answer_state.

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This is going to pull out the row where the state is equal to the answer_state.

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So I'm going to save that under something called state_data.

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And now I can tell my turtle to go to state_data.x and state_data.y.

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So, because this is a row of data,

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then I can tap into it's attributes using the name of the columns,

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the X and the Y.

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And once my turtle gets there,

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then I want it to write the name of the state.

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So it's going to be state_data.state. Now,

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when we hit run on this code and guess the name of a state that definitely

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exists, when we click OK, we're going to get an error.

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And it's really important that you get used to seeing errors

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because they're going to happen to you all the time. Just as in life

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the only certainties are death and taxes, in Programming the only certainty

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is you will get bugs and you will get errors.

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The important thing is to figure out what's causing the error.

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So if we go ahead and copy this error at the end, bad screen distance,

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that seems to be telling us what is actually going on.

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And then I go into Google and I search for this particular error,

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then I can see other people who've encountered this issue.

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So if we read through all of this, between all of the subtext,

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it tells us that the issue is actually that our coordinates are stored as

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strings. We need to get the coordinates into actual numbers.

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So the one oversight that you might've made which is really common

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is to simply tell it to go to date state_data.x,

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state_data.y without first converting them into integers.

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So now if we bring back our screen.exitonclick and then run our code,

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we can type the name of the state click OK,

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and you can see the state data show up on the location that corresponds to that

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particular state. Now,

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the only problem is we don't want all of this junk to be written here, right?

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And this is showing up because we're getting this data from our data series.

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So what's a much simpler way? Well,

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we've already got hold of the answer that the user typed, right?

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So why don't we just write the answer_state?

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So now when I type in the state and it matches one of the states in the 50

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states,

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then it's going to go to the X and Y location of that state and print the name

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of the state that the user has typed in.

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And because we've made sure that it's a correct state with a correct spelling,

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then it doesn't actually matter if we use the answer_state

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or if we use the state_data. Now,

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if you really want to use state_data instead of answer_state

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because say you're writing a different program and you need this functionality,

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then you can actually tap into state_data.state,

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which will get us the state name from the row corresponding to the matching

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state. And then we can use a method called item.

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Now, item is a method on the pandas series.

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So we know that this is a Panda data series

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and you can do a type check on that if you want to confirm.

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But what the item does is it looks into the underlying data and it basically

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just grabs the first element. So now, if I run the game

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as it is and I type in the name of a state,

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you can see it fetches the actual value under state_data.state without any

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of the index, the zero or any of the other parts of the data series.

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So I just wanted to show you that you can actually get a row of data from a data

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frame and then get a particular value from that row,

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and get the actual raw value from that. But personally, in this line of code,

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I prefer using the answer_state because we know it's already been title cased, its

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already formatted correctly

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and it just makes the code look a bit cleaner and it's easier to understand.

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So I'm going to stick with this. So now that it's working,

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all we need to do is to get this

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to repeat itself every single time the user makes a new guess.

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That means we're probably going to have to put it inside some sort of while loop,

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what should be our while condition? Well,

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we know that the user is going to guess all of the states. And once they've

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guessed all of them, then they win, right?

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So why don't we create a list of guessed states and set that to equal a empty

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list.

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And we can check while the length of the guessed_states is less than 50,

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then we can continue rerunning all of this code,

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getting them to put a new input, checking the input and writing the state name.

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But every time the user guesses a state correctly,

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then we're going to add this answer_states to the guessed_state.

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So we can say guessed_states.append,

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and then we're going to append this new answer_state.

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So now when I run this code again, then you can see that every time

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I guess a new state, this text input pops up again

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and I can basically just keep going until I've named all the states.

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Now, the next thing I want to change is the title of this text input window.

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Instead of saying Guess the state,

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I want it to keep track of the number of states I've guessed correctly.

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So I basically want to say something like zero or 10 or whatever, out of 50

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states correct.

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This zero is going to be replaced by a f-string

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and we're going to use the length of our guessed_states in order to get that

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number. So now when I run this code, you can see that

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I start out with zero states, 0/50, and every time I guess

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a new state, then it adds to that count

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so I can keep track of how many I have guessed and how many I've got left.

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Now,

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the next thing you'll realize if you test this a few times is even if you get a

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state right

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but if you actually didn't spell it with a capital C or capital letter to begin

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with, then it's not going to accept it. So we don't see 'california' showing up.

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And this is because in our state data,

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they all have a title case were the first letter is capitalized.

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So how can we make sure that our game works

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if the user types all lower case or all upper case or title case?

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As long as they got the spelling right we should ignore the casing.

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So one way of doing this is to take this answer_state

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which comes from that text input that the user has entered,

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and then at the very end, we can change that to a title case.

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So this is a method that's on all strings.

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So that means if I start out with a string, which is,

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um, angela, and then I say str.title,

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then this will give me the same string back

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but it will make the first letter capitalized.

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This is what we're going to do to the user's answer.

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And then we'll be able to check it against all the States.

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And now it doesn't matter if the user has typed everything in all caps,

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or if they have typed it with all lower case,

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or if they've done something really crazy like this,

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it will still be accepted.

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So we've now got most of

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the functionality of our game. In the next lesson,

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we're going to figure out how we can get this game to become more of an

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educational tool and for it to create a final CSV

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when we're ready to exit the game

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that's going to tell us all the states that we missed so that we can learn them,

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so that we can come back to the game with more knowledge. For all of that and

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more, I'll see you on the next lesson.