1 00:00:00,510 --> 00:00:00,900 All right. 2 00:00:00,900 --> 00:00:05,900 So our main goal in today's lessons is to learn about the Tkinter module and see 3 00:00:08,280 --> 00:00:12,480 how we can use it to create graphical user interfaces, 4 00:00:12,540 --> 00:00:17,450 also known as a, a gui or a GUI. Now, 5 00:00:17,480 --> 00:00:22,480 GUIs were a huge deal back in the nineties because previously, 6 00:00:23,060 --> 00:00:25,250 in order to interact with a computer, 7 00:00:25,520 --> 00:00:30,170 you had to use a command line operating system such as MS-DOS. 8 00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:34,250 So this is kind of similar to our Python console, 9 00:00:34,550 --> 00:00:37,100 where everything we wanted the computer to do 10 00:00:37,340 --> 00:00:40,760 we had to tell it by writing a piece of text. 11 00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,570 So if we wanted Python to print hello, we have to write out the text. 12 00:00:45,350 --> 00:00:46,640 But GUIs were different. 13 00:00:47,060 --> 00:00:50,990 GUIs are graphical, and accompanied with a mouse, 14 00:00:51,260 --> 00:00:54,770 they allow a user with very little training in computers 15 00:00:55,040 --> 00:00:58,400 to be able to just point and click on the thing that they want to do on the 16 00:00:58,400 --> 00:00:59,233 screen. 17 00:00:59,660 --> 00:01:03,770 And one of the earliest computers that incorporated this type of 18 00:01:04,069 --> 00:01:07,340 GUI operating system was the Mac Lisa. 19 00:01:08,060 --> 00:01:09,950 It had these little windows 20 00:01:10,220 --> 00:01:13,790 which you can click on and it launches programs, 21 00:01:13,820 --> 00:01:18,140 which you can interact with by pointing and clicking. Now, 22 00:01:18,140 --> 00:01:21,890 I mentioned that the Mac had these windows and in fact, 23 00:01:22,160 --> 00:01:26,870 the Mac had programmed windows before Windows actually existed. 24 00:01:27,470 --> 00:01:32,470 So Windows was Microsoft's version of the graphical user interface operating 25 00:01:33,470 --> 00:01:36,350 system. And when it first came out, 26 00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:41,530 it created quite a bit of controversy because it seemed like it might've stolen 27 00:01:42,500 --> 00:01:46,130 this idea from Apple because after all, the Mac 28 00:01:46,130 --> 00:01:49,310 Lisa came out way before even Windows one 29 00:01:49,340 --> 00:01:53,420 let alone windows 95 or the later version that you might be familiar with. 30 00:01:54,170 --> 00:01:59,170 And this even led Apple to Sue Microsoft for infringing on their intellectual 31 00:02:00,470 --> 00:02:05,470 rights for using this graphical user interface to interact with the computer. 32 00:02:06,050 --> 00:02:09,050 This is how big a deal GUIs were a back in the nineties. 33 00:02:09,620 --> 00:02:14,620 There was such a big breakthrough in interacting with computers and that made it 34 00:02:14,630 --> 00:02:19,040 so important to both Apple and Microsoft that they ended up battling in court. 35 00:02:20,030 --> 00:02:21,530 Now, even to this day, 36 00:02:21,560 --> 00:02:26,560 Bill Gates gets asked whether if he actually copied the graphical user interface 37 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:31,880 idea of an operating system from Steve jobs and Apple. 38 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:37,370 And I read on a recent Reddit AMA where somebody asked him this question, 39 00:02:37,370 --> 00:02:42,290 he actually responded by saying that the copying wasn't really copying. 40 00:02:42,290 --> 00:02:46,880 It was just that they hired some people from another company, Xerox 41 00:02:46,880 --> 00:02:50,690 PARC, and it just happened that they were continuing on the work that they were 42 00:02:50,690 --> 00:02:51,980 working on before. 43 00:02:52,970 --> 00:02:57,560 But the more colorful piece of history actually comes from the biography of 44 00:02:57,560 --> 00:03:00,490 Steve jobs by Walter Isaacson and in there, 45 00:03:00,490 --> 00:03:05,490 there is this brilliant depiction of the scene where Steve Jobs, surrounded 46 00:03:07,090 --> 00:03:12,090 by his employees, is basically just going off on bill Gates, 47 00:03:13,230 --> 00:03:16,170 telling him that you're of ripping us off. I trusted you 48 00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:17,760 and now you're stealing from us. 49 00:03:18,060 --> 00:03:21,000 You saw the earlier versions of our operating system, 50 00:03:21,030 --> 00:03:24,090 and you're now using it in your Microsoft software. 51 00:03:24,810 --> 00:03:29,810 And to his credit, Bill Gates actually managed to come up with a pretty good 52 00:03:30,690 --> 00:03:33,510 response on the spot where he said, "Well, Steve, 53 00:03:33,600 --> 00:03:35,730 I think there's more than one way of looking at it. 54 00:03:35,730 --> 00:03:40,680 I think it's more like we both have this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke 55 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:44,520 into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it. 56 00:03:44,520 --> 00:03:49,260 That was a pretty good comeback from Bill Gates. And the Xerox that they are 57 00:03:49,260 --> 00:03:51,720 referring to is Xerox parc. 58 00:03:52,020 --> 00:03:57,020 It's the Palo Alto right search center that was creating loads of breakthroughs, 59 00:03:58,650 --> 00:04:02,460 um, in terms of the computing industry. And in fact, 60 00:04:02,490 --> 00:04:07,490 they created the first graphical user interface that was actually put into use 61 00:04:07,740 --> 00:04:12,000 in a computer before Apple or Microsoft even thought about it. 62 00:04:12,360 --> 00:04:17,360 They also created other things like the Ethernet or the first Object-Oriented 63 00:04:17,550 --> 00:04:20,100 Programming language. And most importantly, 64 00:04:20,550 --> 00:04:24,630 they also created the first graphical user interface that 65 00:04:24,660 --> 00:04:29,610 allowed a user to interact with the computer by pointing and clicking. 66 00:04:29,970 --> 00:04:33,690 And they even developed the first mouse to allow people to do this. 67 00:04:34,290 --> 00:04:37,710 So this is a little bit of Silicon Valley history 68 00:04:37,710 --> 00:04:41,130 that is particularly fascinating. If you're interested, 69 00:04:41,790 --> 00:04:46,790 there is a movie called Pirates of Silicon Valley that goes into this story 70 00:04:46,890 --> 00:04:49,800 in more detail and this is where I first found out about it. 71 00:04:50,340 --> 00:04:52,020 But coming back to what we're doing, 72 00:04:52,110 --> 00:04:56,850 I just wanted to show you just how important the graphical user interface was 73 00:04:56,880 --> 00:05:01,440 when it first came about. So we're going to learn how to use Tkinter 74 00:05:01,500 --> 00:05:06,180 to create our very own graphical interface programs so that we're no longer 75 00:05:06,180 --> 00:05:10,410 reliant on these console based or text based programs, 76 00:05:10,740 --> 00:05:15,480 and we're also not working within the playpen of the turtle module. 77 00:05:15,780 --> 00:05:19,950 We're going to be building some big boy and big girl programs now. 78 00:05:20,280 --> 00:05:21,750 So let's get started.