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Hello guys.

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So we are going to continue the discussion with respect to Python.

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And in our previous video we have already completed operators.

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And if you remember we have completed one complete section with respect to Python basics, uh, we understood

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about variables, data types and operators.

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Right now we are going to go towards an amazing new topic in Python, which is called as control Flow.

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And in Control Flow, we are going to discuss about conditional statement and loops.

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In this video we are going to focus more on conditional statement.

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So here is the entire video outline what all things we are going to discuss.

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So first of all we are going to see introduction to Conditional statements.

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Then we'll go and understand what is if statement how to write if statement with the help of Python.

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Then you have if statement then you have else if statement.

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Then you have nested conditional statements.

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Along with this we will be implementing a lot of practical examples.

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We I will be showing you multiple examples of real world use case examples, and then we'll try to solve

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that.

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Apart from that, the final thing is that we'll also see what are the common errors and what is the

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best practices that we should follow whenever we are using conditional statement with respect to if

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Elif and else.

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Now let's go ahead and let's start our coding.

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First of all, let's understand what is if statement right.

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And this is really important for you all to understand.

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And as I have always said before you start any Jupyter notebook, make sure you select the kernel with

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respect to the virtual environment that you have created.

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Now, if statement evaluates a condition and executes the block of code within it, if the condition

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is true, okay, what does this basically mean?

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Let's say that I am writing age is equal to 20, right?

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And now if I am writing an if statement after this, if we will be putting any conditions over here,

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let's say if I write, if age is greater than or equal to 20.

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So this is one of the condition.

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Right.

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So this if statement is going to evaluate this particular condition.

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And if it is true right it is going to go inside this particular block.

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Right.

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And obviously you know about indentation directly.

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You will be seeing that we'll be able to write the code inside the block.

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So here I will go ahead and write, print.

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Um, let's say that uh, I will go ahead and write age 18.

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And if the age is greater than or equal to 18, okay.

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And here I will go ahead and write 20.

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Okay.

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Then I will say that.

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Hey, uh, you are allowed to vote in the elections, right?

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Something like this.

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Vote in the elections.

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So here you can probably see the output.

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You are allowed to vote in the elections.

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What does this basically mean?

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When I started my if statement, first of all the condition that I have written it, this will get evaluated.

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And obviously here you can see the age is greater than or equal to 80 because I have assigned the age

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variable is equal to 20 right now.

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Since this is greater than or equal to 18, you will be able to see that this entire condition will

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become true.

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This entire condition will become true.

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So it will go ahead and execute this particular statement.

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Right.

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And this is a very simple way of understanding if statement.

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Let me repeat again, A if statement evaluates a condition.

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So this is my condition and it executes the block of code within it if the condition is true.

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So right now this condition is true.

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So that is why it is basically getting executed.

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How do I say this condition is true or not.

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If I just go and execute in my new cell and if I see age is greater than or equal to 18, this is true.

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So if true, I am going to go inside this particular block.

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So this was about if statement.

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Don't worry we will be seeing a lot of example.

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Now let me go ahead and show you the another uh conditional statement which we basically say is else

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right now.

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What exactly is else okay.

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Uh, to define else, I would like to, uh, probably talk about this.

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Okay.

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And let me just go ahead and write a comment over here again, the else statement executes a block of

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code if the condition in the if statement is false.

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What does this mean?

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That if this statement is false, it is not going to go inside this block, right?

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So is there a way that I can probably move it into another block?

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Right.

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So for that we will be specifically using else statement.

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So let us go ahead and see one more example.

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So guys now let's go ahead and see this else statement.

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And how does it work okay.

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Let me just go ahead and write.

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Age is equal to 16 okay.

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And now you know the condition if you really want to vote.

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Right.

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So what is the condition that I have to write.

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If age is greater than or equal to 18 right.

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Then I can go ahead and print something like you are.

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You are eligible for voting.

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Okay, so this is my statement that I have written, right.

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Now let's let's go ahead and execute this.

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Right now.

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When I'm executing this, you can see that nothing is getting printed.

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The reason is very simple because this statement has become false.

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Right.

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And so you are actually coming outside the block.

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Nothing is getting printed.

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But let's say I want to handle for this age in a separate way within this if clause.

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Right.

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So what I can do, I can again go ahead and write else clause right now inside this else clause I will

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probably say print you are a minor okay.

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So this will be my else block.

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Now what will happen if I execute this?

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You'll be seeing that if this is false, what it is going to do by default, it is going to jump into

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this particular block.

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Right.

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Because this is what my else condition is, right?

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The default condition at the end.

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Right?

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If nothing is getting satisfied, just go and jump to the last else block and display this.

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So once I'm executing this, you'll be able to see that here you are getting an answer.

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You are a minor.

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So this became false after this basically became false.

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It is going to the else block.

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Again.

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Let me repeat the else statement executes a block of code if the condition in the if statement is false

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okay so here you get probably see this okay.

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Now let me just go ahead and go ahead with the next conditional statement which is called as Elif statement.

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Okay.

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Now with respect to the Elif statement, um, if I really want to give a smaller definition for this.

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What?

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Okay, what exactly is an if statement?

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Now, this Elif statement allows you to check multiple condition.

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It stands for else if.

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Okay, that is the reason we say Elif.

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Elif statement is there.

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But if we go ahead and see the full form, it is nothing but Elif, okay?

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And it allows you to check for multiple condition.

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Okay, now let me just go ahead and probably put some, uh, points over here.

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Let's say I'll show you some example.

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If I go ahead and write age is equal to 20.

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Okay.

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Now let me go ahead and write.

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If age is less than 13.

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Okay.

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I'm putting some kind of condition over here.

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Any condition you can put, you can go ahead and put an end condition or condition, whatever condition

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you want, any conditional statements, you can write it over here.

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Um, you know, and obviously I've seen this kind of, uh, statements right where I am actually putting

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some kind of conditions over here.

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Right?

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Uh, anything you can actually put over there.

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Now, if I go ahead and write print, if age is less than 13, I will say, hey, you are a child,

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okay?

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You are a child.

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Now I want to check for other condition.

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Also lets me go ahead and write Elif.

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Now Elif, age is less than 18.

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Okay, if the if the age is less than 18, then I will go ahead and say, print.

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You are a teenager.

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Okay, you are a teenager, right?

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And then I will go ahead and write.

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Else.

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Finally, the else statement.

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By default this will get.

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If none of this condition is basically becoming true, this will get executed.

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Then if I go ahead and write over here print, I'll say, hey, you are an adult, okay?

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And now if I go ahead and execute it, what will happen?

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Which part will get basically executed, whether this or this or this.

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Right.

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So here you can probably see if I go ahead and execute, you'll be able to see, hey, you are an adult

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right now.

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If I go ahead and write 17 as my age.

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Right.

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So first condition over here you can see age is less than 13, which is obviously false.

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It will go to the next one.

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Else if it is not going to check multiple condition if else if age is equal to 18.

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Now here it is going to be true and this is what it is going to get displayed right.

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So here you can see you are a teenager right.

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So this actually gives you an idea how this Elif basically works.

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Right.

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And Elif allows you to check multiple conditions right now.

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Uh, there may be scenario where I really want to use nested conditional statement.

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And this is what we are going to discuss about okay.

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Nested conditional statements.

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Conditional statements right now nested conditional statement.

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What all things you can basically do okay.

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We can use the combination of if else if or else inside the block like.

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Let's say inside this if clause I can write another if clause.

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Right.

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So here let me just go ahead and write this particular comment for you.

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You can place one or more if Elif or else statement inside another if Elif or else statement to create

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nested conditional statement.

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Okay, now let's say, uh, I will just give you some of the examples over here to make you understand,

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uh, what uh, like let's say I want to probably I will give you a number number.

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You need to tell me whether it is even or odd or negative.

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Okay.

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Something like this.

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These are my three conditions.

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Okay.

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Let's say I have given my number.

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So let me go ahead and write input.

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Okay.

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So first of all I will define my number I will use int.

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And then here I'm going to use input.

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And here I'm going to probably say enter the number okay I will go ahead and enter the number.

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Now my first condition will be that I will go ahead and check for positive and negative number.

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So if I go ahead and write if number is greater than or equal to zero, sorry.

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If it is greater than zero, then I can probably.

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Okay, let me just go ahead and write.

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Then I can probably go ahead and print.

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The number is the number is positive right.

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So here you'll be able to see that I am printing this okay.

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Now the next condition is that I need to check whether this number is even or odd right now.

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In order to probably check I may write any numerical conditions over here.

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If number, I mean, I will try to use any operators, right.

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If number.

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Modulus of two.

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Modulus of.

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Two basically means if the remainder is equal to zero, that basically indicates that.

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Obviously this is an even number.

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So here I'm going to print the number is even right.

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So here you can see the number is even else I'm going to probably print.

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The number is odd.

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Okay, so here you can see what I have actually done.

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If this if this gets solved, that basically means we are going to say that hey, the number is even.

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But if this is not true, then it will go to the else block saying that the number is odd.

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So what is basically happening inside an if condition?

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I have written another if condition along with else block.

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So this is what nested nested uh, nested uh conditional statement means right now there is also one

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more thing for this if block, also for the outer if block.

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Also I can again write an else condition saying that else.

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And this time I will go ahead and print the number is the number is negative okay.

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Or a better way will be that if I'm entering the number, I will just go ahead and write greater than

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zero.

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Okay.

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And here in the else condition I will go ahead and write is zero or negative.

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Okay.

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Now see this is what nested conditional statement means.

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You can place one or if else or uh if else or else if uh sorry Elif this kind of statements within another

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if clause or uh, Lf clause.

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Okay.

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Similarly you can write another Lf clause over here wherever you specifically want.

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But the order will be the same thing right?

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You need to probably make sure that you manage all the indentation part.

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If you are not managing the indentation part then you may get an error.

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Okay, so here you go over here.

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And now if I go ahead and execute this you will be able to see it is asking for me for a number.

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If I go ahead and write 12, I'll go ahead and press enter.

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So here you can see the number is positive and number is also even.

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Okay.

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Again let me just go ahead and execute this time.

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If I give 11 you will be able to see number is positive but the number is odd.

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The else part has got executed over here.

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Now again if I go ahead and execute it and if I go ahead and write minus one.

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So here you can see the number is zero or negative which is basically going to the else block.

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Right.

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Why this is going to the else block.

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Because I have given the number as minus one.

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Now this is going to be false and it is just going to jump to the else block.

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Right.

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So I hope, uh, you are able to understand this in a amazing way.

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Uh, you got an idea with respect to if else if else.

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And also you got an idea with respect to the nested conditional statement.

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Now let us see some very important use cases.

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And uh, I'll just say that, uh, some practical examples that we are going to probably discuss.

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Okay.

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See, the errors can only happen when you are not doing the proper indentation over here.

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Right?

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If the indentation is basically done in a proper way, then you should be able to write this if else

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block in a very efficient way.

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Okay.

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Now first practical example that I'm actually going to give you Okay.

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You need to determine if a year is a leap year.

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What does leap year basically mean.

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Any year that is divided by four.

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If the remainder is zero, that that basically means it is a leap year using nested conditional statement.

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Now you can pause the video and you can start writing this right.

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And you can see what it will probably give you and what it will not give you.

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Okay.

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Now let me just go ahead and write this.

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So first of all, I will go ahead and write here.

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And I will give this as an input okay.

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And let me just go ahead and say enter the year okay.

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Enter the year okay.

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Now next thing if I will start my condition, if your modulus for right is double equal to zero right.

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So here see understand this particular condition.

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Also if your modular for is equal to zero right then what I will do see here.

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Also I can also write like this.

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If number percentile uh modulus two is equal to double equal to zero I have used one additional bracket.

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So let me just remove this.

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If you are getting confused with this okay.

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If it is double equal to zero then I will also go ahead and put one more condition.

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If here modulo 100 is double equal to zero right.

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So here I have used two nested if else clause.

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Right.

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And if here.

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Or modulus 400 double equal to zero okay.

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Okay, so see how many nested if else we have actually done.

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Okay.

291
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Now if this condition is basically if this all three condition is basically true, which is specifically

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for the leap year, what I'm actually going to do, I'm going to go ahead and write print this year,

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whatever I've actually given.

294
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Right.

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Whatever year I've actually given is a leap year.

296
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Okay is a leap year.

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So here is how I'm actually using the print statement.

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Okay, I will take one more session with respect to the print formatting.

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Okay.

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Uh, there are different different ways of print formatting.

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So print year is a leap year.

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Okay.

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Then I will go ahead and write in the else block.

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What if this is not true?

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What if this two statements are true?

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But this is not true right?

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Then I will go ahead and print this.

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Here is not a leap year, right?

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The same year is not a leap year okay.

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So here you can probably see this okay.

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Then let's say fine for this.

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If if it is false I'm handling it over here.

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But what about this.

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If so for this we will write another else statement okay.

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And here I will also give one more condition saying that hey print here.

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And if this is also true, if your 100 model is 100 is equal to zero, I will be saying that hey, here

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is a leap year.

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Okay is a leap year.

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I'm just trying to write it in a complex, uh, if else condition.

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And finally, if this condition is also true in the else block, I will go ahead and basically go ahead

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and write print, print.

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Here.

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Is not a leap year.

324
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Okay.

325
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Done.

326
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So here you can basically see that if this condition is true then also we know that it is a leap year.

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So for that further conditions we are applying this one.

328
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Then again further we are applying this one.

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But if this is also not true then we also need to handle in the else block.

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Right now let me just go ahead and try it out.

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So here I'm just going to execute it.

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And let's say I go ahead and write 2022.

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00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:04,000
Now obviously this will be uh not a leap year, but let's execute this.

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And here you can see 2022 is not a leap year, right.

335
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If I go ahead and execute it again.

336
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So let's go ahead and see 2024.

337
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If I go ahead and execute over here, 2024 is a leap year right now.

338
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So this is one of the good, amazing, practical example.

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Now what I'm going to do is that I'm going to give you more assignments as we go ahead.

340
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Right.

341
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Uh, we need to also understand what are the common errors and mistakes that we usually do.

342
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If you have not written colon, if the indentation part is not done proper properly, then obviously

343
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this will be a problem right now.

344
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Uh, let me give you some of the assignments, uh, which you should definitely do.

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Okay.

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One is, uh, please try to create a simple calculator.

347
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A simple calculator calculator.

348
00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:56,000
And inside a simple calculator program, you need to take an input from the user, perform different,

349
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different operations, what kind of operations you need to do.

350
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If it is plus, then by using if else condition, you really need to do it.

351
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So here I will just be.

352
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:12,000
Please make sure that first of all, before I show you the solution, you try to write the code from

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00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:12,000
your side.

354
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:21,000
Okay, so here you can see, uh, I will just go ahead and update this just a second.

355
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:25,000
Okay.

356
00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:29,000
so here you can probably see I have used float input.

357
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Enter the first number.

358
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:35,000
Second number operation is either you can upload plus minus star or division.

359
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You can also use modulus if you want.

360
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:39,000
And then I have written all this condition.

361
00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:40,000
It's operation is equal to plus.

362
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:46,000
Then result num plus one this this this else you'll be also able to see the nested elsif is also there.

363
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,000
Else if if number is not equal to zero right.

364
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,000
Just go ahead and see this.

365
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,000
Whatever things we have discussed till now, I think you should be able to understand it.

366
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:54,000
Okay.

367
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:55,000
So let me just go ahead and execute it.

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00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:57,000
Let's say 12.

369
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,000
I'll go ahead and press 24.

370
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:01,000
I'll go ahead and press enter.

371
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:03,000
And let's say I want to do plus operation.

372
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,000
So here you can see 36.0 okay.

373
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,000
So uh try to do this.

374
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:12,000
Uh one more example that I really want to give it to you okay.

375
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:16,000
Determine the ticket price based on the age.

376
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:17,000
Okay.

377
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:19,000
So this will be another one example.

378
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,000
So I have multiple examples.

379
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,000
But definitely do try it from your side.

380
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:28,000
So I'm just putting so that you will be able to practice it okay.

381
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,000
So here you can see enter your age.

382
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:32,000
Are you a student yes or no.

383
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:37,000
So if you are probably saying yes then you will be seeing yes over here.

384
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,000
So here are some of the condition.

385
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:44,000
If age is less than five, price is free, else if is age is less than 12, price is $10.

386
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:50,000
If age is less than 17, and if the student if it is a student, then price is $12.

387
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:54,000
Else if $15 then just try to go through this okay.

388
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,000
And then you will be able to understand it.

389
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:59,000
So I hope you were able to understand this video.

390
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,000
Uh, this was it from my side.

391
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:02,000
I will see you all in the next video.

392
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:03,000
Thank you.