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Hello guys.

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So we are going to continue the discussion with respect to Python.

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And in this video we are going to discuss about modules and packages.

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Now in Python.

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Uh, you know already it is an open source programming language.

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And as you all know that it has lot of packages.

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You know which through which you can actually use those packages.

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Uh, there'll be lot of different, different inbuilt functions that will be available in those packages

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so that you don't even have to write the code completely from scratch.

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Right.

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So just by using this modules and packages, uh, you can actually use the functions that are available

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over there and quickly write down the code.

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Right.

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So here uh, modules and packages helps organize and reuse the code.

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So let me just show you, uh, and let me talk about some of the important modules that we specifically

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use.

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And there are a lot of modules over there.

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And as you will be seeing as I will be probably going ahead with more tutorials, you'll be seeing different

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different packages that I will be using.

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So first of all, I would like to show you how do we import a package.

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Right.

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So this math Right.

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So let's say I'm importing math.

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This math is just like a package or a module.

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And inside this I'll just say that this is a package.

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And inside this you have a lot of inbuilt functions, specifically mathematical operations that you

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really want to do.

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Um it will be available over here.

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So in order to import any package we just need to go ahead and write import and that the package name

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okay.

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And uh, let's say if this package is not installed, that we then we have to properly install this

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particular package.

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Okay.

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I'll show you one of the example.

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Let's say that I want to use numpy.

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NumPy is an amazing package which works with array.

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I'll show you how to install it and probably go ahead, you know.

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So here I have imported math.

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Now math has a lot of inbuilt function.

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Let's say I'll go ahead and write math s q r t.

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So this is uh basically a function which will do the square root of a number.

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So if I give the number over here and if I execute it here, you'll be able to see that I'm able to

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get the square root of 16.

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Okay.

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Similarly, uh, you'll be seeing I will have different different functions inside math.

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Right.

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Let's say I want to use square root also.

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Right.

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So how do I import square root function.

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Uh from this particular package.

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So I can just go ahead and right from the package name.

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Right.

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So let's say from math import numpy import s q r t.

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And let's say I want to use one more function that is available inside math.

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So it will be pi okay.

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So there are two functions that are available inside math okay.

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And if you want to probably go ahead and check it out you can just go ahead.

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Right.

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Math dot.

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And these are all the inbuilt functions that are available uh with respect to this particular package.

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Right.

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Math dot.

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And here you will be able to see it okay.

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So let's say uh I want to use the square root of pi.

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So I've imported both this functionalities over here.

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Now I can directly call this functionality or call this function.

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So I will just go ahead and write a script.

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Let's say I want the square root of 16.

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And then I want the square root of 25 let's say.

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Or I want also to probably print, you know, what is the pi value.

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Okay.

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So pi everybody knows how much is the value right.

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3.142.

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So if I go ahead and execute over here you'll be able to see square root of 16 is four, square root

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of 25 is five.

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And uh pi is definitely 3.141.

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So similarly in every packages you may be having multiple functions which you can directly use it.

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And in order to import it, you just need to remember this particular keyword from the package name.

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Import any function that you want that is available in that particular package.

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Okay.

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Now let's say that you don't have a package right now.

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Let's say there is one more package which is called as numpy.

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So I will go ahead and use numpy.

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I will talk more about numpy as we go ahead in the upcoming session.

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So there will be a detailed video on numpy and pandas.

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NumPy is specifically a library that will be used whenever you want to create arrays.

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You want to apply different operation with respect to the arrays so that where this particular package

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will be used.

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So if I am using numpy, let's say I'll go ahead and write import numpy as np.

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Now what this NP is NP is nothing, but it is an alias.

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Okay, alias.

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I don't even have to write every time numpy dot.

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You know, I can directly use np dot so that my code.

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I don't have to completely write the entire package name, you know.

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So that is where we specifically use the alias.

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Now let's say that I am importing this and if I import this I'm getting an error.

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No module named numpy, because obviously I have not installed numpy.

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When you create an environment by default, uh, in Python, a virtual environment, some of the packages,

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some of the modules will get uh, installed, but not every module will get installed.

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Right.

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So let's say that I want to probably go ahead and import numpy.

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Uh, and for that I need to install.

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So what I will do in the requirement dot txt I will go ahead and write numpy okay and I will save this.

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Okay.

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Now I will go to my terminal.

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Okay.

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Now let me just go ahead and show you in my terminal.

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So my terminal will be over here and I am in my command prompt.

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I am inside my Python basic.

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So I will go CD dot dot I will go back because this is entirely this requirement.

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Dot txt is present in this Python folder right now.

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I'll go ahead and write pip install minus r requirements.txt.

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This is one way that I can directly write, or I can also go ahead and write pip install numpy.

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Okay, so if I go ahead and install pip install numpy you'll be able to see that hey, my installation

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will start taking place and this will basically get installed in my venv environment.

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Okay.

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So this is how uh, things you basically do.

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And now you can see my numpy has got installed.

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Okay.

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Now I'll close this okay.

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And what I will do I will go again back to my statement.

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Now let's go ahead and import this okay.

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Now here you'll be able to see that my import is successful okay.

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Now let me just show you one simple operation where I will be trying to create an array.

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And here I will give one, two three, four.

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So if I go ahead and execute I will basically get an array.

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We'll discuss more about the numpy.

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But since we are just discussing about basic, uh, Python modules and packages, we are discussing

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over here right now, this is like there'll be a lot of inbuilt modules.

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Okay, let's say from math I want to import every module.

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Right.

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So what I can do is that I will go ahead and write from math import star.

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Star basically means it is importing all the functions that are available in math.

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Right?

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I don't have to specify.

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Right.

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Right now I can directly go ahead and call s q r t.

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Okay.

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Let's say I will go and call security.

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So security is an inbuilt function that is available in math.

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And since we have then import star automatically I'll be able to see the output.

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So here you can see I'm getting the answer as four right.

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And similarly I can go ahead and probably print my pi okay.

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And up.

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Also I will just go ahead and use a print statement.

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Okay.

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Print statement.

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And then we are uploading this.

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And here you can just see by import star.

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That basically means we are able to access all the functions that are available inside this particular

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uh, package or module, which is called as math perfect.

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Uh, I hope, uh, you're able to understand till here there are different different libraries that

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we'll be seeing when we'll be doing the coding.

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But just get an idea in this particular video, what I'm actually trying to show you is that how do

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you import a package or a module, a inbuilt module that is already available in with packages that

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are already available, like math, numpy?

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If there is no number, if there is no library as such, you can probably install it.

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Okay.

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Now the most important thing how do I probably create my own custom package?

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Okay.

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Now let me show you one thing over here okay.

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Let me just go ahead and create one folder.

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And this will basically be my package.

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Now let's say that this is my source code that I'm going to write.

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Okay.

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I want to define my own custom.

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Uh, you can basically say custom module or custom package, which I should be able to call in any other

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files.

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Okay.

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Because here you can see that I'm importing math.

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Right.

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And this math may be available somewhere, right.

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It is available in our V and V environment.

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All the packages are available and we are importing from there right now.

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Similarly, I can also go ahead and create my own custom things.

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Right.

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So let's first of all start.

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So let's say this is my package folder.

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And here I'm going to create some modules.

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So first file that you actually require in this is init underscore underscore init.py okay.

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So this.py file why this init uh underscore underscore init.py is a it is a special file.

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Okay.

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So here I'll just go ahead and write a comment for you so that you will be able to understand okay.

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So this is a special file okay init underscore underscore p y.

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Or let me just use a multi line okay.

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And I will go and use this.

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See this okay I will close it over here.

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Now this init underscore underscore underscore init dot uh underscore underscore dot pi is a special

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file used in Python to define packages and initialize the namespace.

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Okay.

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So let's say that I have actually created this.

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Now let me just go ahead and create any file that I want.

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Let's say I will just go ahead and write, uh, you know, um, one operation or let's say that I am

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creating a calculator.

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And so here my maths dot pi file is there.

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Okay.

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Now inside this maths dot pi file what I will do I will just go ahead and define a function.

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Let's say I'm going to write definition addition a comma b okay.

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So what this function basically does is that we are just going to return a plus b okay.

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We know that in math also write some operation is also the inbuilt sum operation is there.

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But I'm just trying to show you.

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So inside this package you will be able to see that math dot pi file is there.

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And inside that there is a function which is called as addition.

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Now very important thing that you really need to understand over here this package folder dot math.

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Right.

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It becomes our module.

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Right.

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Since we are using this underscore underscore init dot pi.

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And always remember inside a folder, if you want to initialize this entire folder and define packages

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right or define modules, you have to probably use underscore underscore init.py even though it is empty.

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Just keep it empty.

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But you need to have this file.

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Now I'll show you how I will call this particular function by importing this right from this particular

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package.

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Okay, now this is my entire package.

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Now I'll go back to my import dot Ipynb.

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Now here I will go ahead and write from packages.

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Right.

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So see from package I'm getting dot.

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What is my file name.

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Maths.

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Right.

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Import right from package dot math.

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See from package dot math.

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And remember this needs to be in the same folder location.

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Then only you'll be able to call it right.

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So from package dot math right.

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Dot math is basically this folder I'm going to import addition.

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So let me just go ahead and copy this.

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And here you'll be able to see I will just go ahead and copy this right now.

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After calling this I can just go ahead and call this function right.

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And here I can give two comma three.

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And if I execute it, you'll be able to see that I'm actually able to get the output.

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So I hope you are getting an idea right.

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How do you probably create your own custom module.

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Right.

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And from package dot maths how I am importing addition.

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Right.

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And uh, if you don't want to write like this okay, let's write it in another way from package.

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Uh, import math.

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I can also write like this.

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Okay, I import math.

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Now, in order to call this, I can go ahead and write maths dot addition.

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Okay.

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And here I can call two comma three.

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Right.

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So this how you can probably create any number of files inside this particular package folder.

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Right.

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Since I have underscore underscore underscore underscore dot pi.

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When I create only this file then only this becomes a package or a module.

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Right.

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And then I can actually call this anywhere that I want.

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I can build my own custom function.

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I can build any number of custom function.

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Let's say I'll go ahead and write definition subtraction subtraction.

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And here I'll give a comma B.

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And uh let me just go ahead and write return a, return a minus b.

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So once I have updated subtraction, you know, so what I will do I will let me just show you how to

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call C in Ipy and B obviously you know how to call it right by just importing addition maths, whatever

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things you specifically require.

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But uh, mainly when we are developing projects, we have to call all these files in some py file.

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So let me just go ahead and create one more py file.

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And here I will just go ahead and write test.py okay.

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Uh test.py already exist.

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Let me just check.

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Okay.

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Uh, here we will create, uh, test dot p y.

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So test dot p y is over here.

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Now, in this test dot p y, I will try to call from this particular package.

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So how do I call it.

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So here I will write from package dot maths okay.

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Import star okay.

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Now what I can do I can basically call my addition.

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So I will go ahead and write print Addition.

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And here I'm going to say two comma three.

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And let me just go ahead and write print.

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Subtraction with three comma four okay.

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Or four comma three okay.

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Now I will just go ahead and show you how to execute this so I can directly execute dot pi file.

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Always make sure you have to be inside this folder itself.

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Write this five modules if you want to execute any test.py file, like any py file, you have to make

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sure that you have to go to that folder location and run it.

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So here I will go just go to CD five modules okay.

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Now in order to execute it I will write Python test.py.

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Now see here I am able to get an answer for addition.

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I'm getting two comma three for subtraction I'm getting one.

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Okay, so uh, this was just an idea where I've actually created the packages.

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My own custom packages, math.py file, any number of function that I want to.

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And I've shown you how to call it in ipynb file.

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Along with that I will also have shown you how to call it in test.py file.

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So uh, this in short talks about, uh, you know, uh, the most important thing that how an import

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is basically done.

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Right.

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Uh, we'll also talk about one important thing, uh, which is called as uh sub uh sub package uh imports.

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Okay.

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And uh with respect to sub package imports, uh, the thing is that let's say that okay, I have this

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packages.

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Okay.

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Now let me just show you one more thing.

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Okay.

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I have this packages.

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Now I will click this I will create one more folder okay.

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And this sorry inside my packages.

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Inside my packages okay.

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So so this is my package folder.

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I'll create one more folder.

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Sub packages.

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Okay.

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Now if I also want to make this as a package and probably call it somewhere here.

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Also I have to use underscore underscore init underscore underscore dot pi file.

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Okay.

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Now I can go ahead and create any operation that I want.

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Let's say I want to probably go ahead and write math dot pi okay.

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Now math dot pi is nothing.

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but, uh, we'll specifically be using this, uh, let's say, uh, instead of math, I'll just use

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some other file name so that we'll be able to distinguish it, let's say mult dot pi.

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So this package is responsible in, you know, performing any multiplication operation.

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So let's say I will go ahead and define my function and I'll say hey this is my multiply here I'm going

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to give a comma B.

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and this is basically going to return a star b I know the functions are very simple, but the core idea

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is to understand how to call all these packages.

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Now perfect this mult dot pi is present inside the sub package.

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Now what I will do in my test dot pi I will try to call this particular package.

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Okay.

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Now it will be interesting.

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So here you will be able to see from from package okay Dot maths dot dot sub package okay.

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Sorry.

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From package dot sub package dot mult.

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Okay I'm going to import my multiply function.

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See how step by step we went.

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So packages first there were packages.

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Then we went to sub packages.

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Then we called this mul dot p y.

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And remember we are only able to identify it unless and until this underscore underscore innit dot p

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y file is present or not.

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If this particular file is present then this makes this particular folder as a package okay by default.

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So now let me just go ahead and call this over here and let me go ahead and print my multiplication.

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So here I will be calling my multiply function with five four comma five.

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Now if I just want to execute it, how do I execute it?

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I'll just go ahead and write Python test.py.

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Okay.

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So here you can see initially I got five one and 20 right.

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So addition uh three plus two is five four minus three is one and four uh multiplied by five is 20.

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So I hope, uh, you got this specific idea.

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I hope you are able to understand about packages and all.

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Um, this was, uh, it from my side.

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Uh, and here I've shown you both the things how to call default packages that are open source packages

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that are already available.

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Right.

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So I've actually used this numpy math and all.

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And the second thing that I have actually shown you how to call any other packages that are available

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in any other folders or functions that you are probably defining.

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So yes, this was it for my side.

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I will see you all in the next video.

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Thank you.

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Take.