1 1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:03,230 Okay, now that we had a quick overview 2 2 00:00:03,230 --> 00:00:06,300 of Kali Linux, I want to spend some time talking 3 3 00:00:06,300 --> 00:00:08,240 about the Linux terminal. 4 4 00:00:08,240 --> 00:00:09,980 So you can access the terminal 5 5 00:00:09,980 --> 00:00:12,160 through this application right here, 6 6 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:13,650 so if we click on that, 7 7 00:00:13,650 --> 00:00:15,738 it'll open the terminal window for us 8 8 00:00:15,738 --> 00:00:17,840 and as you can see, all it is 9 9 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:20,793 is a black screen where you can type commands. 10 10 00:00:22,040 --> 00:00:23,520 Now, the Linux terminal 11 11 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:25,630 is actually very, very powerful 12 12 00:00:25,630 --> 00:00:28,160 because it can be used to do anything 13 13 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:30,260 that you can think of really. 14 14 00:00:30,260 --> 00:00:32,370 A lot of the applications in Linux 15 15 00:00:32,370 --> 00:00:34,600 that have a graphical interface 16 16 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,040 where command prompt programs first 17 17 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:40,640 and then people made a graphical interface for it. 18 18 00:00:40,640 --> 00:00:43,190 So a lot of the time, maybe the graphical interface 19 19 00:00:43,190 --> 00:00:44,820 will be buggy or crash 20 20 00:00:44,820 --> 00:00:47,333 and the terminal program will still work. 21 21 00:00:48,330 --> 00:00:51,150 Also, a lot of the penetration testing tools 22 22 00:00:51,150 --> 00:00:53,940 do not even have a graphical interface. 23 23 00:00:53,940 --> 00:00:55,878 A lot of them can only be used 24 24 00:00:55,878 --> 00:00:57,433 throughout the terminal. 25 25 00:00:58,370 --> 00:01:01,010 Not only that, but in many scenarios, 26 26 00:01:01,010 --> 00:01:05,190 you might only have an SSH or a command prompt access 27 27 00:01:05,190 --> 00:01:06,360 to a machine. 28 28 00:01:06,360 --> 00:01:09,500 So you need to know how to use this command prompt 29 29 00:01:09,500 --> 00:01:12,220 in order to achieve your goals. 30 30 00:01:12,220 --> 00:01:13,490 So throughout the course, 31 31 00:01:13,490 --> 00:01:15,930 we're gonna be using the terminal a lot 32 32 00:01:15,930 --> 00:01:18,770 and that's why I want to spend some time 33 33 00:01:18,770 --> 00:01:20,880 just showing you the basics of it 34 34 00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:24,153 and making sure that you're gonna be comfortable using it. 35 35 00:01:25,230 --> 00:01:28,210 Now, the basic idea is you type a command 36 36 00:01:28,210 --> 00:01:31,910 and the result will be displayed for you on screen. 37 37 00:01:31,910 --> 00:01:34,690 So let's have a look on a very, very simple command 38 38 00:01:34,690 --> 00:01:36,593 which is pwd. 39 39 00:01:37,670 --> 00:01:40,930 Now, this command prints the current working directory, 40 40 00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:43,570 hence the name pwd. 41 41 00:01:43,570 --> 00:01:45,230 So if I hit Enter, 42 42 00:01:45,230 --> 00:01:48,050 you can see it's printing /root 43 43 00:01:48,050 --> 00:01:52,030 which means right now I am in the root directory. 44 44 00:01:52,030 --> 00:01:54,630 So basically I am in here. 45 45 00:01:54,630 --> 00:01:56,233 This is the root, it's home. 46 46 00:01:57,520 --> 00:01:59,820 So if I do ls which is a command 47 47 00:01:59,820 --> 00:02:02,620 to list all the directories and files 48 48 00:02:02,620 --> 00:02:04,640 in the current working directory, 49 49 00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:06,970 we should get all of these directories 50 50 00:02:06,970 --> 00:02:08,193 that we see in here. 51 51 00:02:09,450 --> 00:02:11,110 So if I hit Enter, 52 52 00:02:11,110 --> 00:02:14,310 as you can see, I can see all these directories 53 53 00:02:14,310 --> 00:02:16,053 in the current working directory. 54 54 00:02:17,070 --> 00:02:18,890 Now, another very useful command 55 55 00:02:18,890 --> 00:02:20,780 is the cd command. 56 56 00:02:20,780 --> 00:02:25,630 This command allow us to navigate into another directory. 57 57 00:02:25,630 --> 00:02:28,300 So for example, let's say I want to navigate 58 58 00:02:28,300 --> 00:02:29,623 into the Downloads. 59 59 00:02:30,460 --> 00:02:33,020 All we have to do is type cd, 60 60 00:02:33,020 --> 00:02:35,470 followed by the name of the directory 61 61 00:02:35,470 --> 00:02:37,660 that I want to navigate to. 62 62 00:02:37,660 --> 00:02:39,403 So I'm gonna type Downloads. 63 63 00:02:41,050 --> 00:02:43,320 Now if I hit Enter, 64 64 00:02:43,320 --> 00:02:45,740 I should be inside the Downloads now. 65 65 00:02:45,740 --> 00:02:49,590 So if I do pwd to see my current working directory, 66 66 00:02:49,590 --> 00:02:54,460 you'll see that it's saying I'm in root/Downloads. 67 67 00:02:54,460 --> 00:02:56,310 So if I do ls here, 68 68 00:02:56,310 --> 00:02:57,950 it should show me all the directories 69 69 00:02:57,950 --> 00:03:00,420 and files inside Downloads. 70 70 00:03:00,420 --> 00:03:02,030 So if I do Enter, 71 71 00:03:02,030 --> 00:03:04,240 as you can see, I have a directory 72 72 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:05,860 and a file in here 73 73 00:03:05,860 --> 00:03:07,740 and these are the exact same files 74 74 00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:10,490 that you'll see if you double click the Downloads here. 75 75 00:03:12,630 --> 00:03:15,460 Now, if you want to go back one directory, 76 76 00:03:15,460 --> 00:03:19,230 so similar to pressing the back button in here, 77 77 00:03:19,230 --> 00:03:21,010 all we have to do is do cd, 78 78 00:03:21,010 --> 00:03:23,640 again the command to change the working directory 79 79 00:03:23,640 --> 00:03:24,680 followed by .. 80 80 00:03:26,620 --> 00:03:28,820 And now if I do pwd, 81 81 00:03:28,820 --> 00:03:30,730 you'll see I'm back in root 82 82 00:03:30,730 --> 00:03:32,200 and if I do ls, 83 83 00:03:32,200 --> 00:03:34,783 you'll see all the directories and files in root. 84 84 00:03:35,970 --> 00:03:37,770 So that's all good. 85 85 00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:40,800 And there's actually a huge number of commands 86 86 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:41,920 that you can use. 87 87 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,220 So I'm going to include a link 88 88 00:03:44,220 --> 00:03:46,180 in the resources of this lecture 89 89 00:03:46,180 --> 00:03:49,010 of all the Linux commands that you can use. 90 90 00:03:49,010 --> 00:03:50,830 You don't need to know them by heart. 91 91 00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:52,480 We're actually gonna be using a lot of them 92 92 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:53,590 throughout the course 93 93 00:03:53,590 --> 00:03:56,300 so you're going to naturally learn them 94 94 00:03:56,300 --> 00:03:57,853 as you go through the course. 95 95 00:03:58,980 --> 00:04:00,790 Now, if you are using a command 96 96 00:04:00,790 --> 00:04:03,660 and you're not sure about how this command works, 97 97 00:04:03,660 --> 00:04:06,100 you can just use the man command 98 98 00:04:06,100 --> 00:04:09,610 to display the manual of this command. 99 99 00:04:09,610 --> 00:04:11,950 For example, we've used the ls command here 100 100 00:04:11,950 --> 00:04:13,730 to list the files and directories 101 101 00:04:13,730 --> 00:04:15,770 in the current working directory. 102 102 00:04:15,770 --> 00:04:19,550 But if I do man followed by ls, 103 103 00:04:19,550 --> 00:04:23,480 this basically means I'm requesting the manual of ls 104 104 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:26,485 so I'm asking how can I use the ls command? 105 105 00:04:26,485 --> 00:04:28,820 So if I hit Enter, 106 106 00:04:28,820 --> 00:04:32,670 you'll see I'll get a screen similar to a text file 107 107 00:04:32,670 --> 00:04:35,910 and basically it's giving me a lot of information 108 108 00:04:35,910 --> 00:04:38,790 on how to use the ls command. 109 109 00:04:38,790 --> 00:04:40,660 So you can see that it's telling us 110 110 00:04:40,660 --> 00:04:44,000 that this command will list the directory contents. 111 111 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:46,340 You can see the way it works by typing ls 112 112 00:04:46,340 --> 00:04:48,810 followed by the options followed by a file 113 113 00:04:48,810 --> 00:04:52,130 if you want to run it on a file. 114 114 00:04:52,130 --> 00:04:54,100 You can see a longer description 115 115 00:04:54,100 --> 00:04:56,143 of the command. 116 116 00:04:57,310 --> 00:05:00,070 And then, you can see all the options 117 117 00:05:00,070 --> 00:05:03,683 and the arguments that we can use with this command. 118 118 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:07,600 Now, in Linux, most of the time, 119 119 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:10,520 the options will always follow the same syntax. 120 120 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:14,950 So you either use dash letter or dash dash a word 121 121 00:05:14,950 --> 00:05:17,120 to specify the argument. 122 122 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:20,950 For example, in here, the -a and --all 123 123 00:05:20,950 --> 00:05:24,023 will ignore entries starting with dot. 124 124 00:05:25,190 --> 00:05:27,670 So if you keep going down in here, 125 125 00:05:27,670 --> 00:05:30,900 you'll see all the options and arguments you can use 126 126 00:05:30,900 --> 00:05:32,552 with the ls command 127 127 00:05:32,552 --> 00:05:35,620 and we have another example here. 128 128 00:05:35,620 --> 00:05:37,180 We have the -l 129 129 00:05:37,180 --> 00:05:41,150 which means it's going to use a long listing format 130 130 00:05:41,150 --> 00:05:43,140 which will display more information 131 131 00:05:43,140 --> 00:05:45,923 about the files in the current working directory. 132 132 00:05:46,890 --> 00:05:48,120 So let's have a look on that. 133 133 00:05:48,120 --> 00:05:50,930 I'm gonna press Q to exit this 134 134 00:05:50,930 --> 00:05:53,560 and then we're gonna do ls as usual 135 135 00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,330 and since we read the manual, 136 136 00:05:55,330 --> 00:05:58,720 we know we can do -l to see more information 137 137 00:05:58,720 --> 00:06:00,230 about the files 138 138 00:06:00,230 --> 00:06:01,890 and if I hit Enter now, 139 139 00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,750 you can see I'm still getting the same directories 140 140 00:06:04,750 --> 00:06:06,810 but it's also showing me the permissions, 141 141 00:06:06,810 --> 00:06:10,213 the users, the date created and so on. 142 142 00:06:11,230 --> 00:06:13,110 So you can use the man command 143 143 00:06:13,110 --> 00:06:14,810 on any command you want, 144 144 00:06:14,810 --> 00:06:16,510 not only on the ls. 145 145 00:06:16,510 --> 00:06:18,830 So you can use it on the pwd, 146 146 00:06:18,830 --> 00:06:20,700 you can use it on the cd 147 147 00:06:20,700 --> 00:06:22,410 or any other command 148 148 00:06:22,410 --> 00:06:24,510 and it'll show you a full description 149 149 00:06:24,510 --> 00:06:28,393 or the manual page of how to use this command. 150 150 00:06:30,080 --> 00:06:32,240 Now, I'm going to clear the screen 151 151 00:06:32,240 --> 00:06:33,573 by typing clear. 152 152 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:37,020 And the next thing that I wanna show you 153 153 00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:38,880 is the --help. 154 154 00:06:38,880 --> 00:06:41,680 So this is something that you can use again 155 155 00:06:41,680 --> 00:06:45,160 in almost all commands and all programs in Linux. 156 156 00:06:45,160 --> 00:06:47,310 So you can just type the program name 157 157 00:06:47,310 --> 00:06:51,113 or the command name followed by --help. 158 158 00:06:52,660 --> 00:06:53,730 As you might think, 159 159 00:06:53,730 --> 00:06:56,870 this will show you a help message telling you 160 160 00:06:56,870 --> 00:06:57,940 what this command is 161 161 00:06:57,940 --> 00:06:59,490 or what this program is, 162 162 00:06:59,490 --> 00:07:01,200 the arguments that it takes, 163 163 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:03,110 how to use these arguments 164 164 00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:05,243 and examples at the bottom. 165 165 00:07:06,400 --> 00:07:08,400 Now, another useful thing with the terminal, 166 166 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:10,150 so I'm gonna clear this again 167 167 00:07:10,150 --> 00:07:11,360 is the arrows. 168 168 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:14,780 So you can press up to go up to see all the commands 169 169 00:07:14,780 --> 00:07:16,500 that we executed before 170 170 00:07:16,500 --> 00:07:19,000 and again, you can go down to see to navigate 171 171 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,613 between the commands that you executed previously. 172 172 00:07:23,670 --> 00:07:27,270 You can also use the Tab for autocomplete. 173 173 00:07:27,270 --> 00:07:28,910 So again, let's do ls 174 174 00:07:28,910 --> 00:07:30,610 and you can see all the files 175 175 00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:34,060 and let's say we want to go into Documents. 176 176 00:07:34,060 --> 00:07:37,190 So we can do cd followed by Documents. 177 177 00:07:37,190 --> 00:07:39,120 You can type Documents 178 178 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:41,000 or if you're lazy like me, 179 179 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:44,800 you can just do Doc and press Tab 180 180 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:48,090 and as you can see, it's automatically completing 181 181 00:07:48,090 --> 00:07:49,683 the rest of the word for me. 182 182 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:53,270 So this is something that comes very, very handy 183 183 00:07:53,270 --> 00:07:55,873 when you're using the terminal for a long time. 184 184 00:07:56,980 --> 00:07:59,050 Now, what I also wanna show you 185 185 00:07:59,050 --> 00:08:03,190 is how to install programs in Kali from the terminal. 186 186 00:08:03,190 --> 00:08:05,330 So first, I'm gonna clear this. 187 187 00:08:05,330 --> 00:08:06,960 And the first thing that you wanna do 188 188 00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:10,110 is update the sources where Kali can search 189 189 00:08:10,110 --> 00:08:12,193 and download programs from. 190 190 00:08:13,230 --> 00:08:16,763 So we're gonna do apt-get update. 191 191 00:08:17,780 --> 00:08:20,500 Now apt-get is the name of the application 192 192 00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:23,820 that allow us to download and install programs 193 193 00:08:23,820 --> 00:08:25,350 and we're saying update 194 194 00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:28,590 because I'm saying that I want you to update the list 195 195 00:08:28,590 --> 00:08:31,780 of all the programs that I can install. 196 196 00:08:31,780 --> 00:08:33,470 So I'm gonna hit Enter 197 197 00:08:33,470 --> 00:08:35,670 and you wanna make sure that you have internet connection 198 198 00:08:35,670 --> 00:08:37,480 when running this. 199 199 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:40,190 And as you can see, it's telling me that it's done. 200 200 00:08:40,190 --> 00:08:45,190 And now, we can go ahead and start installing applications. 201 201 00:08:45,190 --> 00:08:47,860 So the first program that I wanna install 202 202 00:08:47,860 --> 00:08:49,930 is actually a terminal program, 203 203 00:08:49,930 --> 00:08:51,670 so similar to this one 204 204 00:08:51,670 --> 00:08:56,140 but it allow us to have multiple terminal windows open 205 205 00:08:56,140 --> 00:08:57,323 in the same window. 206 206 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:00,590 So in order to install a program 207 207 00:09:00,590 --> 00:09:01,970 through the command-line, 208 208 00:09:01,970 --> 00:09:04,610 we're gonna do apt-get which is again, 209 209 00:09:04,610 --> 00:09:08,100 the name of the program that allows us to install programs 210 210 00:09:08,100 --> 00:09:09,630 on the system. 211 211 00:09:09,630 --> 00:09:12,830 We're gonna say that I want to install 212 212 00:09:12,830 --> 00:09:15,080 and the program that I want to install 213 213 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:16,793 is called terminator. 214 214 00:09:18,550 --> 00:09:20,250 So very, very simple. 215 215 00:09:20,250 --> 00:09:22,330 First of all, we're typing the name of the command 216 216 00:09:22,330 --> 00:09:24,140 which is apt-get. 217 217 00:09:24,140 --> 00:09:26,460 We're saying that I want to install 218 218 00:09:26,460 --> 00:09:28,720 and the program name that I wanna install 219 219 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:30,890 is called terminator. 220 220 00:09:30,890 --> 00:09:32,100 So I'm gonna hit Enter 221 221 00:09:33,680 --> 00:09:38,260 and this is going to download and install terminator for me. 222 222 00:09:38,260 --> 00:09:41,000 So you can use the same command to install any program 223 223 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:42,010 that you want, 224 224 00:09:42,010 --> 00:09:44,730 you just need to replace terminator with the name 225 225 00:09:44,730 --> 00:09:47,223 of the program that you want to install. 226 226 00:09:48,250 --> 00:09:51,330 Now, I've already downloaded and installed this before 227 227 00:09:51,330 --> 00:09:53,860 so it didn't ask me to confirm. 228 228 00:09:53,860 --> 00:09:56,260 But if you're running this for the first time, 229 229 00:09:56,260 --> 00:09:58,210 it might ask you to confirm 230 230 00:09:58,210 --> 00:10:01,360 whether or not you actually want to install this program 231 231 00:10:01,360 --> 00:10:02,440 so all you'd have to do 232 232 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:06,200 is press Y from the keyboard and hit Enter. 233 233 00:10:06,200 --> 00:10:08,210 Now, as you can see, it's done 234 234 00:10:08,210 --> 00:10:11,553 so if I go to my all applications in here, 235 235 00:10:13,130 --> 00:10:14,793 and just type terminator, 236 236 00:10:15,680 --> 00:10:18,100 you can see that I have it here. 237 237 00:10:18,100 --> 00:10:19,720 So I'm actually gonna drag it 238 238 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:23,910 and put it in my dock so I can access it easily 239 239 00:10:23,910 --> 00:10:24,883 in the future. 240 240 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:29,470 So now I can just click it in here. 241 241 00:10:29,470 --> 00:10:32,460 And that'll open terminator for me. 242 242 00:10:32,460 --> 00:10:34,250 Now, this is another application 243 243 00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:36,290 that allow me to run commands 244 244 00:10:36,290 --> 00:10:38,970 so it's exactly the same as this 245 245 00:10:38,970 --> 00:10:42,460 so again, I can do ls and pwd. 246 246 00:10:42,460 --> 00:10:44,850 The only difference is with this one, 247 247 00:10:44,850 --> 00:10:46,830 I can actually right click 248 248 00:10:46,830 --> 00:10:49,753 and click on Split Horizontally, for example, 249 249 00:10:50,670 --> 00:10:53,910 and this will split the same screen into two screens 250 250 00:10:53,910 --> 00:10:56,970 where I can run commands at the same time. 251 251 00:10:56,970 --> 00:10:59,230 So I can have some commands in here, 252 252 00:10:59,230 --> 00:11:01,153 and I can run commands in here. 253 253 00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:04,470 And then I can even split this more 254 254 00:11:04,470 --> 00:11:06,670 if I want again vertically 255 255 00:11:06,670 --> 00:11:09,760 or horizontally and as you can see, 256 256 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:12,850 I can have as many terminal windows as I want 257 257 00:11:12,850 --> 00:11:15,190 and this'll be very helpful in the future 258 258 00:11:15,190 --> 00:11:17,670 when we'll be running a number of programs 259 259 00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:20,243 and a number of commands at the same time.