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Pay everyone Mark Price you're at death's slopes.

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And today we're going to learn how to work with loops and you've learned a little bit about arrays and

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you're going to see how loops and arrays go hand-in-hand together go ahead and create a new playground

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file new playground and let's call this loop the loops because it sounds so much fun.

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Animals save it right here.

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Perfect.

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OK.

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So in order to appreciate and understand the loop Let's talk about some of the problems that we run

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into when we don't use loops.

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OK.

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And we've kind of used this before this scenario in working with arrays so let's do the same thing now.

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So we've got employees or rather we've got employees who have salary's bar employee one salary.

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Right.

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So you've got four employees employees each with their own salary.

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Forty five thousand dollars for employee 1 bar employee 2 salary equals one hundred thousand dollars.

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Our employee three salary equals fifty four thousand dollars and bar employee for salary equals $20000.

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OK so we've got four different employees here.

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All right now let's say that we had a really good year at the company.

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OK.

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And we want to give every employee a raise.

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So we need the app to do that.

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You know we were a big company we need to make sure that we can automate some things.

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So we're writing an app that allows us to give instant salary increases to employees.

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So how do we do that.

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Let's say also that we need to give them a certain percentage of a salary raise.

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So listen to that as well.

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So when I say employee one's salary

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employee one salary equals employee one salary plus employee one salary is 0.1 0.

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OK so we're doing some basic high school math here.

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We're taking the salary of the first employee.

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Multiplying it by a decimal point 10 which is 10 percent so we're going to find out what 10 percent

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of their existing salary is and then we're going to add it back onto the salary here and store into

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employee one salary that's all that's happening we're giving this person a 10 percent increase in their

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salary.

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And they're very happy about that.

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They want any bugs in this app that's for sure.

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Especially if it's for your own salary as an employee salary his employee salary plus employees DOLLERY

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times 0.1 0.

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You're probably thinking to yourself.

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All right I get the point Mark.

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You don't have to keep writing all this code as is a drag.

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I'm going to write it down anyway because you need to really appreciate the pain of doing this kind

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of stuff because if you're doing this kind of stuff in your code you're doing it wrong.

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There's definitely a better way to code.

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This is called code smell when you're like something it doesn't seem right about this.

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Well we're also breaking the dry principle here too.

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Don't repeat yourself.

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All right.

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So you've just given every employee here a 10 percent raise right.

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That's great.

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Now the problem comes in especially when we have like 50 employees or 100 employees.

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Are you going to write an app that stores all of this.

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Also what if we hire new employees or fire employees.

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How do we know how many employees are.

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Every time we get a new employee We're going to have to change our code to add the employees in here.

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This is not a great way to do things.

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Not at all.

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Not at all.

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And also it's not a good idea to keep this off separately like this as well too.

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So this is bad.

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OK.

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This is the bad way.

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Bad way.

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All right.

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Let's clean some things up.

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You know let's put these employees salaries in the interface of our salaries equals and then we can

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just do some copying and pasting here so paste you know this is an array.

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We've talked about this before.

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Command c command B and C is copying and pasting here.

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So there's our array of salary's so Elissa's is better.

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This is mo better putting in an array.

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Ok but how would we go through these and add 10 percent each person's salary.

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Well it would look something like this would be salary's zero pay equals or NSA salaries zero.

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The first salary out here plus salaries zero times zero point zero time and then same day salaries one

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equals salaries one plus salaries one times 0.0 etc. etc..

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The other two.

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Okay so is this any better than this.

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Not really.

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We're still writing lots of code.

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So this is definitely better putting in an array versus four different variables.

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But this is no good.

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This is a lot of manual work and again we don't know.

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You know I'm putting numbers in here but we don't know how many employees are actually in the list.

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You know it's going to come into the app and we wouldn't know unless we count them on and changed our

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code which is you don't do that.

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Nobody rewrites code and does all that stuff manually based on some condition in the real world.

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So how do we solve this problem.

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Well we can solve this problem that's making our life so miserable right now by using a loop and let's

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create our very first loop.

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We're going to do a a while loop.

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OK.

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So we're going to say var X equals zero.

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This is going to be an index.

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And then we're going to say repeat while X is less than salary's does count

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more and say X plus equals 1 OK.

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So what is going on here.

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Well look over here on the right it says it ran this loop four times.

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So here's the syntax.

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The keyword is repeat.

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OK.

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Repeat.

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And then a opening bracket and closing bracket inside were incrementing X by 1.

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It's a variable of type int.

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And then while X is less than stellar is that count so every loop in programming will repeat itself

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until some condition is met.

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OK that's what you need to remember it doesn't.

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Don't think of the syntax rules are different types of loops loops will repeat until some condition

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is met.

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And in this case here in the parentheses while X is less than salary's does count.

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Let's see how many items are in salary's 1 2 3 4.

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So while x is less than 4 Well it starts at zero.

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So this is what's going to happen.

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This loop is going to be run once for sure no matter what.

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And X is now equal to one X plus equals 1.

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And then it says while X is less than Sollars accounts while one is less than that Zackham OK it is

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still less than salary's that count so it's going to go through again from top to bottom over and over

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and over again until X is now equal to 4.

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So as well as some point this will increase X to 4 and then this will no longer be true because 4 is

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not less than sellers that count the fours not less than four is it.

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No 4 is equal to four.

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OK.

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So there's a difference here if I was to say less than or equal to it would run five times but we don't

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want it to run five times because that would crash our our application if we're accessing elements out

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of this array.

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So how do we use this loop to solve our problem.

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Well let me tell you there Bob we first crash x.

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That's the right thing to do.

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Let's open up X code again.

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Are you ready.

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So here goes.

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Salary's X equal salary is X plus salaries X times zero.

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Opponent 1 0.

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OK well this is interesting.

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What's going on here Mark why are you putting an X inside of an array that doesn't make any sense.

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I thought a raise couldn't take strings.

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Well it's not a sure thing right.

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It's an INT.

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And this is also an you access elements out of your array using it ok you put in the subscript here.

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We want the first element or the second element.

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So the same things happening here we have a variable that represents our index.

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So what we could also have done is called this index that makes more sense to you.

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And then what you can do.

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You can just pass the index here instead.

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It's not that though.

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And then right here and right here.

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So a little more wordy but it makes more sense now.

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So we have an index where passing in the index and that's giving us the element.

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So it's going to repeat and grow items out of that.

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So let's look at this again.

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Salary's index Well if it's the first 10 through index is equal to zero sorgen to grab forty five thousand.

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So we're seeing this slide here is equal to salary's index.

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So it's equal to 45000 plus 45000 times point 1 0.

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OK.

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So we're going to take that.

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The amount here that 10 percent we're going to add on to 45000 and then we're going to store the result

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of this operation here now OK.

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And we're going to pass it or as a sign it here into our salaries index into the same spot that we wanted

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to.

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And so this is cool.

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So yeah we've got one two three four five lines of code here versus potentially.

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Well let's look at this here.

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If we want to do the same thing over here we would have one two three 4 lines of code and 5 year like

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haha.

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Mark it's not any less code it's the same amount of code that we wrote before.

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Well what happens if your company has a lot of employees So

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what have has this many employees.

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There's 28 employees.

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Now if I wanted to do this down here I'd have like 20 lines of code that's no good.

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Plus this whereas this will always stay a 5.

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Even if I had a million employees.

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So we're start to make really good progress here again.

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So Lou all the loops going to do is go over and over and over and over again until some condition is

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met.

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In this case index is less than salaries don't count.

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OK if I didn't have this line of code here do you know what we what we would have running here we would

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have an infinite loop.

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This will eventually crash the program.

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Luckily the playground is smart enough to stop it for us.

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But if you did something like that in your app you would get an infinite loop.

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Your app would and run out of memory and it would crash and new user would give you a one star review.

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This developer does not know how to make apps.

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So you always have to have a way to get out of a loop.

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And it's by meeting the condition.

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And so that's why we're increasing the index by 1 each time.

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So eventually we can meet the condition.

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So that's how loops and arrays go hand-in-hand.

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You have a set of data and you can iterate through the data with a loop.

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Does that make sense.

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Is anyone confused.

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Because if you are what I want to do is posit video you can watch this portion again or you can go online

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to do some research on how to loops work in programming and making some more under the hood.

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Computer science aspects and theory about it.

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OK.

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So this is a repeat while it now you're not going to use is a whole lot.

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I wanted to show you the repeat while loop because it's very wordy and it makes sense when you look

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at it the loop that you're probably going to use more so is a for loop.

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Let's do that next.

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Let's bring it down here.

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OK.

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So we're in right the exact same code with even less lines of code which is cool.

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So for X or let's say I to represent index in zero dot dot less than salary's dot count.

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And then what we'll do is we'll just copy this one line of code here and paste it here.

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So now we're doing the exact same thing.

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This should be in the index.

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We're doing the exact same thing here and three lines of code that we do with five lines of code so

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it's smaller.

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So let's talk about what's happening.

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So for meaning given or for each k is.

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This is called a for in loop.

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As you can see the four in the end.

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So for I in zero dot dot less than Sollars accounts what we're doing here is we're specifying a range.

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OK we're saying start at zero and go all the way to salary's that count which is currently 28.

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But we need to be minus one because arrays start at zero which is why we use the less than sign.

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So Dot Dot less than you know so we don't put a space before this or a space after.

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OK.

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So between 0 and salary's that counts between 0 and 27 and then we go through and we run this and it's

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going to do the exact same thing as this.

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OK and if you're confused at all I mean just do we write this up in even simpler terms so for let's

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say X in one dot dot dot five that's just print index.

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We're going to say is equal to the X

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get five times I hear as you can see it printed out five times for X in one through five.

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So what just happened here.

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It's inclusive.

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OK.

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So it included the one and it included the five and everything in between.

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So this is a range you can call it a sequence you can color range.

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So it's a sequence of numbers or range and that's the condition.

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So for for every You're going to run this loop for every item in this range between 1 and 5 or including

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one in 5 inclusive.

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Same thing here.

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OK.

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Between 0 and salaries that count are less than sellers account so that means 27.

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OK.

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So this one is inclusive This one's exclusive of the number that you put here.

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OK.

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So in this case here listen do the same thing over here again for the in one thought less than five

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in print and X Z and then we'll go ahead and put Z in here.

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OK.

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So in this case it only ran 1 2 3 4 K so this was Xclusive it did not include the 5 because we have

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the less than sign there.

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OK.

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And what's happening is every time it goes through this loop it passes that value of this range here.

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The current iteration of that range it passes it here into this constant this number cannot be changed.

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It passes it in here so you can use it for whatever you want.

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In our case here we're using it each time to access the element in the array.

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So in this case it's going to run this code 28 times between 0 and 27.

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It's going to pass that number into every single time 0 1 2 3 4 or 5 and then you can use those numbers

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on your array elements which is pretty cool which is why we do salary's don't count.

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We get the total length of the array as our maximum number and then we run through it.

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So we know it's going to stop once it gets us where we need to be.

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So we don't have to do this kind of junk anymore.

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We don't have to do this kind of junk anymore.

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You're going to have an array of salaries and then you can run loops to get information out of those

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salaries or out of that array which is pretty cool.

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Now loops can take a long time to understand if this is really confusing for you.

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It's OK.

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This is normal to be confused.

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All you need to know as a beginner is how do you use these tools.

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Because as you get better at them you're going to get you're going to understand what's going on under

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the hood and how these things work.

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OK so what we've done here is we've created a while loop and we've created three four in loops.

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There's one more loop I want to talk about and it's a for each loop.

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OK.

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And it's technically a for loop but I'll show you why it might make sense to word it.

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As for each so for salary in salaries they print salary.

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So let's say you want to create something that goes for all the salaries and prints them up.

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OK.

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So what we're doing here is very similar to this for in loop but there is no range.

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OK.

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So what we're doing here is we're saying for each visualizes your mind for each item in this array run

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a loop so that's the condition for every item that's in this array.

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Run this loop.

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So in our case here for every salary that is inside the salaries array.

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OK print salary.

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So what it does is it it skips some things for you it it takes off this heavy lifting for you.

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Grabbing the index it says don't worry about that.

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We'll do that for you.

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So it grabs the item out of the array for you automatically and sticks it here in it.

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How cool is that sticks out for you right there ready for you to use without having to grab it out of

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the out of the tray itself.

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And then we just we're just in this case we're just printing it right.

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Pretty good stuff I think.

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And so it's the exact same thing as you can see right here.

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It's printing up all of these salaries here.

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And so this is a for loop as well but may also want to call a For Each loop.

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OK.

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For each salary in salaries grabs each item out of the array.

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One at a time puts in this variable so you can use it and when it gets to the end your loop is done.

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So you don't ever have to worry about an infinite loop.

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For the most part in this case whereas right here we had to create some condition to get rid of it to

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get out of the loop.

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OK.

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So really cool stuff loops.

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This is what you're going to do most of the time there's a lot more that goes into it and they get trickier

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as you go down the line.

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But for most of what we'll be doing and for most of what you'll be doing this kind of covers the basics

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of what you spend most of your time working on when it comes to loops and arrays.

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So that's it.

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Mark Price of slopes of dot com see.